Russia's Submarine Blunder: Kazan's Sonar Signature Compromised Near Cuba

 After the Russian Yasen-class submarine, Kazan, made an appearance in Cuba, initial excitement about its proximity to the US turned into regret among Russian experts. According to the Russian site Top War, this move is seen as a significant blunder, with Americans already mocking Russia. The site criticizes the decision, noting that sending the submarine into the American anti-submarine zone compromised its stealth advantage.

In Cuba, crowds gathered to see the Kazan up close, but this exposure meant the US and NATO could now detect the submarine more easily. The Atlantic is heavily monitored by American and NATO forces, using advanced detection systems in key areas like the Barents and Norwegian Seas, the Faroe-Icelandic Gap, and the Davis Strait. These systems, combined with sophisticated patrol aviation, make it nearly impossible for a Russian submarine to enter the Atlantic undetected.

Submarines are primarily detected through passive noise direction finding and active sonar methods. Passive systems pick up on low-frequency sounds, while active sonar involves sending out a signal that bounces off the submarine and returns to the receiver. Modern ships enhance detection capabilities with low-frequency emitters and towed sonar stations, making it hard for submarines to remain hidden.

However, detecting a submarine with another submarine is more complex, as Russian submarines have very low noise levels in stealth mode. Identifying an underwater target’s unique acoustic signature can help isolate it from background noise, crucial for long-distance detection.

Previously, the US lacked detailed acoustic data on the Kazan. But after its exposure near Cuba, advanced computer systems recorded its acoustic signature, allowing the US to identify and track it more efficiently. This shift in detection methods significantly disadvantages Russia in terms of submarine stealth capabilities.

The potential implications are severe. The US could launch a nuclear strike against Russia or China with minimal retaliation risk if they can neutralize Russian strategic submarines. This was demonstrated in June 2023, showing the importance of disabling Russia’s submarine fleet to prevent a retaliatory strike. Russian submarines often operate under the ice, complicating detection, but a detailed sonar signature would allow American submarines to locate and target them from a safe distance, even in challenging environments.

U.S. Navy Prepares Compact Agile Interceptor for Hypersonic Missile Defense Tests

 The U.S. Navy is gearing up for flight tests of the Compact Agile Interceptor (CAI), a new surface-launched missile designed to enhance missile defense capabilities, especially against hypersonic threats. This compact interceptor aims to increase the number of missiles that can be packed into the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System (VLS) cells, addressing concerns over missile inventory size and VLS cell capacity. As the production of SM-6 and RIM-162 ESSM Block II missiles ramps up into the late 2020s, the Navy is focusing on optimizing space and performance.

The CAI is designed to fit multiple small diameter missiles into one Mark 41 VLS cell while maintaining the ability to intercept complex hypersonic raids. This addition will complement the existing SM-6 Dual I/II and SM-6 Block IB missiles, which are also capable of countering hypersonic threats.

A leading candidate for the CAI program is Lockheed Martin’s Patriot Advanced Capability 3 Missile Segment Enhancement (PAC-3 MSE). This missile, with a diameter of roughly 11.4 inches, has already been tested in a virtualized Aegis environment and has seen action in Ukraine against hypersonic missiles like the Kh-47M2 ‘Kinzhal’ and 3M22 ‘Zircon’. Despite its smaller diameter, Lockheed Martin aims to integrate it into the Navy's systems without major modifications, ruling out dual-packing for now.

According to U.S. Navy budget documents for FY2025, the propulsion concept for the CAI has been selected, and plans are underway to procure 2-3 flight test units this year. Various propulsion options, including highly loaded grain propellants and solid fuel ramjets, are being considered for the program.

While the PAC-3 MSE currently does not meet the dual-packing requirement, modifications to the control surfaces could allow it to fit two missiles per VLS cell, doubling the magazine capacity. Lockheed Martin has expressed interest in investing in the current missile capabilities rather than redesigning it extensively.

The exact propulsion system for the CAI remains undisclosed, but flight tests are scheduled to begin in FY2025, starting in October of this year.

China’s Norinco Eyes Stake in Brazil's Top Missile Developer Avibras

 China North Industries Group Corporation, commonly known as Norinco, is reportedly in talks to acquire a 49% stake in Avibras, Brazil’s leading missile developer renowned for its modular multi-caliber MLRS ASTROS. This move comes after Australia’s DefendTex withdrew from the acquisition due to a lack of political and financial support from its government. DefendTex's offer of 130 million US dollars fell short of Avibras' 200 million US dollar valuation.

The Australian government, a close ally of the United States with access to advanced American missile technologies such as HIMARS, PrSM, NASAMS, NSM, and Tomahawk, showed minimal interest in the Brazilian company. DefendTex also cited the Brazilian government’s ban on military exports for the war in Ukraine as a reason for the failed negotiations, aiming to integrate Avibras products into Western programs to support military supplies for Ukraine.

Norinco's potential acquisition of Avibras could pose significant risks. This move might trigger a U.S. embargo on the export and use of American defense products in Brazil due to sanctions imposed by the Biden administration in 2021. The U.S. Government has warned Brazilian authorities that Norinco’s involvement could jeopardize national security, with sanctions prohibiting the integration of U.S. defense equipment with Norinco-related systems.

These restrictions could heavily impact Avibras’ products, including its flagship ASTROS MLRS, which rely on American technology like communication systems from L3Harris Corporation. Avibras also collaborates with seven other U.S. companies in its supply chain.

It remains unclear whether Norinco intends to invest in Avibras' long-term, less competitive programs or simply leverage the Brazilian brand’s reputation to market its own products.

US and Canadian Navies Conduct Bilateral Operations in South China Sea Amidst Tensions with China

 From June 18 to June 20, the United States Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy executed bilateral operations in the South China Sea, emphasizing their strong dedication to regional security and collaboration amid ongoing tensions between China and the Philippines.

The operations included the US Navy’s Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Ralph Johnson (DDG 114) and the Royal Canadian Navy’s Halifax-class frigate HMCS Montreal (FFH 336). These activities encompassed personnel transfers, flight operations, and replenishment at sea, supported by the Lewis-and-Clark class dry cargo ship USNS Wally Schirra (T-AKE 8).

"Close coordination with our allies and partners is paramount to success in the region," stated Capt. Justin Harts, Commander of Destroyer Squadron 15. "Demonstrating regional cooperation with the Royal Canadian Navy is key to ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific."

Cmdr. Isaia Infante, commanding officer of the USS Ralph Johnson, underscored the importance of joint exercises, highlighting the opportunity to work closely with allies and partners and reinforce the already strong relationship with the Royal Canadian Navy. He affirmed the crew's commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific while supporting the rules-based international order.

The US Navy noted that such bilateral engagements are vital for training, exercising, and developing tactical interoperability across allied navies, enhancing collective readiness to address regional contingencies.

This operation followed a historic joint patrol involving Canada, Japan, and the US with the Philippines in the South China Sea, part of a multilateral maritime cooperation activity (MMCA) aimed at preserving freedom of navigation and overflight. Canada's increasing involvement in the region comes amid reports of aggressive maneuvers by Chinese ships targeting routine resupply missions to a vessel grounded by Manila on the disputed Second Thomas Shoal in the South China Sea. The Philippines has accused China of violating its sovereignty, citing the illegal presence and actions of Chinese vessels within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Canada's recent joint drill with the US Navy could further strain its already fragile relations with China. Since 2018, Canada has intermittently deployed military ships, aircraft, and personnel to conduct surveillance operations to identify suspected maritime sanctions violations, particularly ship-to-ship transfer of fuel and other commodities banned by UN Security Council resolutions.

In June 2022, Canada accused Chinese fighter pilots of dangerously intercepting a Royal Canadian Air Force CP-140 maritime patrol aircraft since December 2021. Reports indicated that Chinese jets intercepted the Canadian aircraft about 60 times, with nearly 20 encounters deemed 'dangerous.' This incident sparked a diplomatic dispute between the two nations. China has consistently criticized Canada for its participation in overflights and freedom of navigation operations alongside the United States, accusing Canadian military aircraft of conducting provocative reconnaissance activities under the guise of implementing UN Security Council resolutions. China argued these activities were unauthorized and increased the risk of mishaps or conflict.

Relations deteriorated further in 2023 when Canada accused China of election interference, leading to reciprocal expulsions of diplomats. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau confirmed that China attempted to influence the 2019 and 2021 elections, though these efforts were unsuccessful. In military assessments, China and Russia were identified as Canada’s primary adversaries, highlighting the need for a robust response to hostile actions.

India’s Struggle to Modernize its Fighter Fleet: The Challenges and Choices Ahead

 India's plan to procure 114 Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA), a highly anticipated defense deal, remains uncertain. The Indian Air Force (IAF) currently operates 31 fighter squadrons, well below the authorized 42, and needs more to face its two major adversaries.

The IAF has ordered nearly 200 Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk1 and Mk1A variants and has committed to 200 LCA Mk2s. However, nine years after the first IAF LCA squadrons were formed, only about 40 LCA aircraft are in service. Even with increased production to 24 aircraft per year, it will take time to meet the required numbers. India's Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is still over a decade away, and the aging MiG 21s are still in use. The Jaguars and Mirage 2000 fleets need to retire by around 2030. Despite the push for self-reliance, India will need to induct the 114 MRFA to bridge the gap.

The initial Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) process was limited to 36 Rafale jets due to technical reasons. The IAF has specified the operational requirements for these 114 aircraft.

A recent report by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence highlighted delays in delivering the initial 40 LCAs to the IAF and suggested exploring the purchase of fifth-generation fighter aircraft.

MRFA Competition

India issued a Request for Information (RFI) in April 2018 for the 114 MRFA. Responses from contenders were received later in 2018. The Indian Navy was also asked to consider new fighter jets alongside this program. The Navy needs a twin-engine fighter, focusing on the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Dassault Rafale-M, likely opting for 26 Rafale-Ms.

Eight aircraft are competing for the IAF’s MRFA: Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Boeing F-15EX Eagle II, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-21 (a variant of the F-16V customized for India), Mikoyan MiG-35, Saab JAS-39 Gripen E/F, and Sukhoi Su-35.

The next step involves the Defence Acquisition Council's (DAC) Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) and issuing a Request for Proposal (RFP). Even if the RFP is issued today, it could take over five years for the aircraft to be inducted. India's security establishment must make an early decision on the 114 aircraft import.

Big Ticket Assessment

Russia has proposed two aircraft: the MiG-35, which did not qualify in the earlier MMRCA selection, and the new Su-35. The Su-35, part of the Su-27/30 family, is not a viable option due to India's already significant fleet of similar aircraft and planned upgrades. The Russian industry is also preoccupied with domestic demands due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

If the Indian Navy selects the Rafale-M, the interest in the F/A-18 Super Hornet will decline. India has invested in the Rafale infrastructure and modifications, suggesting that acquiring more Rafale jets, potentially making 140 (114+26) in India, is logical.

The Saab JAS-39 Gripen E/F and Eurofighter Typhoon are strong contenders. The Gripen, with its GE 414 engine, and Eurofighter, with its extensive global presence, offer good options, although geopolitical factors and technology transfer levels will influence the decision.

US Influence in India's Aircraft Ecosystem

India has already integrated several US aircraft, including the Boeing P8I, Lockheed C-130J, and others. The upcoming purchase of General Atomics MQ-9B Predator Drones further solidifies US involvement. Evaluating the F-15EX and F-21 (an advanced F-16 variant) is essential.

The F-15EX, with its impressive payload and advanced features, is a heavy, costly option, adding complexity to India’s diverse fleet. The F-21, an advanced F-16, offers in-country production potential but faces public perception challenges due to Pakistan's use of F-16s.

Conclusion

India must make a one-time purchase of 114 aircraft, ideally the same type for the IAF and Navy, with significant technology transfer and in-country production. The US is eager to integrate into India’s fighter aircraft ecosystem, reflecting geopolitical closeness. Ideally, the US should offer the F-35, addressing technical barriers like the S-400 linkage.

Balancing India's aircraft mix to reduce dependence on Russian and Western suppliers while increasing indigenous production is crucial for long-term strategic autonomy.

Russia Claims to Shoot Down US Global Hawk Drone Over Black Sea

 

After Russia blamed the United States for a Ukrainian ATACMS missile strike on Crimea, which resulted in civilian casualties, claims emerged on social media suggesting that Russian forces had shot down a US RQ-4B Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) over the Black Sea.

Prominent Russian military bloggers, including Fighterbomber, which reportedly has close Kremlin ties, shared these claims. They asserted on Telegram that a Russian MiG-31 interceptor had downed a US RQ-4B UAV over the Black Sea. Some bloggers even mentioned that Russian President Vladimir Putin praised the pilot responsible for the mission.

The Fighterbomber channel stated, “If [the Americans] fly again, it means they are prepared for the loss of a Global Hawk (or even more than one).”

However, these claims lack concrete evidence. The Kremlin has not acknowledged the rumors, and neither the Ukrainian Armed Forces nor the US military has commented on them.

The claims have generated significant discussion among Ukrainian military bloggers and open-source intelligence accounts tracking the ongoing conflict. A popular account expressed skepticism, noting, “If an interception or attack on a Global Hawk happened, we would likely see a video from the Russian Ministry of Defense.”

 Kyiv-based security analyst Jimmy Rushton wrote on X (formerly Twitter) that no such incident occurred over the Black Sea and that the pro-Russian accounts’ claims were fake news. As of this report, the US Department of Defense (DoD) had not commented on these developments.

Meanwhile, Ukrainian military bloggers reported that the drone in question returned to its base unharmed.

These claims followed the Kremlin's accusation that the United States was responsible for a Ukrainian ATACMS missile attack on Crimea, which resulted in at least four deaths and 151 injuries. Moscow officially warned the American ambassador of impending retaliation.

The Russian Defense Ministry stated, “All flight missions for the American ATACMS operational-tactical missiles are planned by American specialists using US satellite reconnaissance data. Therefore, responsibility for the deliberate missile attack on civilians in Sevastopol primarily lies with Washington, which supplied these weapons to Ukraine, as well as the Kyiv regime, from whose territory this attack was launched.”

While the Russian MoD did not directly link the ATACMS attack to the RQ-4B UAV, Russian media suggested that the US reconnaissance drone circled over the Black Sea during the Ukrainian attack on Sevastopol. These reports, based on Flightradar flight tracking data, indicated that the Global Hawk might have supported Ukrainian troops during the attack, raising fears of escalating tensions between the Cold War rivals.

The incident echoes a previous event where Russian fighter jets dumped fuel over an MQ-9 Reaper drone over the Black Sea, causing it to lose control and crash into the sea.

The Global Hawk is an advanced aerial reconnaissance system that operates at high altitudes for extended periods, controlled remotely without an onboard crew and unarmed. It has a history of numerous missions across various conflict zones. Equipped with integrated sensors and cameras, it can continuously capture high-resolution images of large areas, day or night, and in all weather conditions. According to manufacturer Northrop Grumman, the Global Hawk can detect targets over 340 miles away from its 60,000-foot operating altitude.

The drone complements manned and space reconnaissance systems by providing continuous, near-real-time coverage using imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) sensors. The precise range of its cameras and sensors remains classified.

The MQ-4A variant of the Global Hawk was shot down by Iranian forces in June 2023 while flying over the Strait of Hormuz, leading to a statement from Iran’s Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) that the UAV had breached Iranian airspace, sending a “clear message to America.”

The Global Hawk has been extensively used by US forces for sophisticated military operations and has been sold to countries like South Korea and Japan for enhanced surveillance and reconnaissance.

The drone played a critical role in Operation ‘Inherent Resolve’ against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), providing real-time imagery and signals intelligence to help commanders make crucial decisions, distinguish between friendly and enemy forces, identify long-term targets, and monitor hostile equipment movements.

Recently, the US Air Force deployed RQ-4 Global Hawks to a base in Japan as part of a rotational deployment strategy to support sustained operations in the region and maintain a “free and open Indo-Pacific region.”

Russia has frequently noted how NATO and US aircraft, such as the RC-135 Rivet, RQ-4B Global Hawk drone, and the E-8 Joint STARS reconnaissance aircraft, fly around Ukraine’s coast and the Black Sea to support Kyiv’s military operations.

The Global Hawk was reportedly involved in the October 2022 maritime drone strike on the Russian Navy’s Black Sea Fleet in Crimea’s Sevastopol. Russian forces have cited the drone's involvement in several such Ukrainian operations.

Moscow is using the ATACMS attack to strengthen its argument that it is fighting a proxy war against the West, questioning Washington’s intentions.

India and US Discuss Co-Producing Javelin Anti-Tank Missiles Amid Rising Military Cooperation

 A key weapon in Ukraine’s military arsenal, the shoulder-fired Javelin anti-armor weapon, might soon be co-produced in India if ongoing talks between New Delhi and Washington are successful. During a recent visit to India by US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, the two countries discussed various joint production proposals, including Javelin anti-tank missile systems for the Indian Army.

The Javelin, produced by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin, is a 46-pound, shoulder-fired weapon capable of penetrating any tank or mobile vehicle on the battlefield, and it can also down helicopters. The Indian Army has been seeking shoulder-fired ATGMs for almost a decade, and if discussions proceed, a local partner will be identified to establish a manufacturing plant in India.

Operated by a two-soldier team, the Javelin fires a heat-seeking missile with a range of up to 2.5 miles. Known as a “fire and forget” system, it allows soldiers to seek cover immediately after firing. The Javelin is named for its ability to strike tanks from above, like a spear, and can also directly target low-flying helicopters.

To address its anti-armor weapon needs, the Indian Army acquired Spike ATGMs from Israel in 2020 to counter Chinese aggression. Recently, India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Army test-fired a man-portable anti-tank guided missile (MPATGM) system at the Pokhran field firing range in Rajasthan.

On April 14, 2024, the Indian Ministry of Defence announced that the MPATGM system—comprising missiles, a tripod-mounted command launch unit, a target acquisition system, and a fire-control unit—was field-evaluated in various configurations to validate its technology.

The Pentagon has supplied more than 10,000 Javelin systems to Ukraine, where experts believe the weapon significantly helped Ukrainian light infantry against Russian mechanized forces. The FGM-148 Javelin costs about $176,000 each. In August 2023, Lockheed Martin announced plans to nearly double Javelin production from 2,100 to nearly 4,000 units per year by 2026.

India and the US are discussing several joint defense projects. Previously, EurAsian Times reported a proposal to co-produce Stryker armored vehicles in India after an initial off-the-shelf purchase via the Foreign Military Sales route. However, none of these deals have been finalized yet.

Indian company Larsen and Toubro has partnered with France’s MBDA to develop missiles and weapon systems in India, including fifth-generation anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM5s), missiles for coastal batteries, and high-speed target drones. The prototype, showcased as ATGM-5 at DefExpo in Chennai, will be produced in India with complete technology transfer.

The Indian Army is actively enhancing its firepower to counter threats from both its eastern and western borders. In June 2023, it issued a Request for Information (RFI) for acquiring 5,000 fire-and-forget missiles and 500 launcher systems to be mounted on license-built BMP-2/2K ‘Sarath’ Infantry Combat Vehicles. The RFI specifies that the ATGMs should support top and direct attack modes, with the capability to penetrate at least 650 mm rolled homogeneous armor equivalent (RHAe) and explosive reactive armor (ERA).

Currently, the Indian Army uses the French-made MILAN 2T ATGM for light anti-armor warfare, capable of destroying targets up to 2 kilometers away. Another widely used system is the Russian-made 9M133 Kornet ATGM, which targets heavy armor. The Army also maintains a large stockpile of the 9M113 Konkurs system, known in NATO circles as the ‘AT-5 Spandrel’.

Additionally, India has developed an indigenous third-generation ATGM called Nag, which employs infrared homing and millimetric wave active-radar homing technologies. Nag has three versions: a vehicle-mounted version (based on the Namica launcher), a heliborne version (HeliNa), and a man-portable version (MP-ATGM).

Russia Intensifies Air Strikes on Ukrainian Airfields Amid Arrival of F-16 Fighter Jets

 

As Ukraine prepares to receive its first F-16 fighter jets, there has been an increase in Russian air strikes targeting Ukrainian airfields. These strikes appear to be Moscow’s attempt to disrupt Kyiv’s infrastructure needed to operate the F-16s.

Reports on social media suggest that on June 22, the Russian Black Sea Fleet attacked Ukrainian infrastructure, including the Vasilkov airfield near Kyiv, using sea-launched Kalibr cruise missiles. A video on Platform X (formerly Twitter) showed at least four missiles in flight. Photos on social media later depicted the alleged destruction caused by the attack. Pro-Russian military bloggers made these claims, but the Ukrainian Armed Forces have not commented.

Military analysts suggest the strategy aims to weaken the Ukrainian Air Force by destroying potential F-16 bases. If accurate, this would be the second strike on Vasilkov this month. Earlier reports indicated an oil depot at the airfield was targeted, causing a fire visible from space.

Previously, Russia also launched missile strikes on Starokostyantyniv in the Khmelnytsky area, another potential F-16 base. Russia has threatened to strike any Ukrainian airfield housing the F-16s, most of which are within the range of Russian missiles. Ukraine has announced plans to station some F-16s on NATO territory to safeguard them from attacks.

Ukraine is set to receive F-16s from Denmark in the coming weeks, with additional pledges from the Netherlands, Norway, and Belgium. Some donor countries have suggested using the jets for strikes inside Russia, heightening Kremlin concerns.

While facing relentless Russian air strikes, Ukraine has been targeting Russian air defenses in preparation for the F-16s’ arrival. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) noted Ukraine’s efforts to degrade Russian air defenses to enable effective use of manned aircraft. Recent Ukrainian actions have targeted key Russian air defense systems, including modern systems like the S-400, which were hit by Ukrainian drones.

The S-300/S-400 air defense systems and Su-57 fighters are vital for Russia to restrict Ukrainian air operations and support its offensive. Kyiv has strategically targeted these platforms as both sides engage in intense aerial strikes.

On June 23, Russian authorities reported that Ukrainian drone and missile attacks on Crimea resulted in six deaths and over 100 injuries. Russia blamed both the United States and Ukraine, claiming the attack involved US-provided ATACMS missiles. Russian air defenses reportedly shot down 33 Ukrainian drones over Bryansk, Smolensk, Lipetsk, and Tula.

Additionally, reports suggest Ukraine attacked a Russian warehouse used for launching and training with Iranian-made drones. Satellite images confirmed the destruction of facilities in the Krasnodar Territory on June 21.

Russia has also increased the use of guided bombs on Ukrainian territory, with recent attacks in Kharkiv resulting in multiple fatalities. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has called on allies to strengthen Ukraine’s air defenses, emphasizing the need for modern systems like Patriots, accelerated pilot training for F-16s, and extended weapon range.

Over the weekend, Russia targeted Ukraine’s power infrastructure, marking the ninth attack on energy installations in three months, according to Ukraine’s energy ministry.

China Advances Toward Sixth-Generation Fighter Jet with Significant Progress

 Despite China's notorious secrecy surrounding its defense projects, there are signs of progress in developing a sixth-generation fighter jet. The clearest indication came from a January 2019 WeChat post by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). In an interview, Wang Haifeng, the chief designer at Chengdu Aerospace Corp., an AVIC subsidiary, revealed plans for a combat aircraft designed to "protect the sea and sky" by 2035.

Wang mentioned features such as manned-unmanned teaming, artificial intelligence, enhanced stealth, and omnidirectional sensors. In 2022, U.S. Air Combat Command’s head affirmed these efforts are "on track," noting that China views sixth-gen technology similarly to the U.S., emphasizing stealth, processing power, and reprogrammable open-mission systems.

Rick Joe, a Chinese military expert, now considers these sixth-gen efforts a confirmed program. Since 2019, there have been more indicators, including AVIC artwork of next-gen fighter designs, academic papers, and statements from officials. In October 2021, satellite imagery showed a tailless fighter-like airframe at Chengdu Aerospace facilities.

Joe reported that demonstrator testbeds, possibly subscale versions, have already flown. Without an official name, he referred to the aircraft as the J-XD, noting it might initially have less capable subsystems compared to U.S. equivalents but is closing the technological gap.

Sixth-gen fighters are expected to feature advanced aerodynamic design, radiofrequency materials, flight control software, sensing technologies, data-linking and combat-management systems, weapons, and integration with collaborative drones. Joe believes China is competing on par with other nations pursuing similar capabilities.

However, Brendan Mulvaney, director of the U.S. Air Force’s China Aerospace Studies Institute, expressed a more cautious outlook. While he acknowledges China’s potential to develop advanced fighters in the future, he doubts they have the capability today. He highlighted China’s challenges with jet engine development but noted significant improvements.

Mulvaney suggested that China's future fighter might be optionally manned, allowing for autonomous operations or serving as a loyal wingman. While Chinese drone technology is ambitious, it remains unclear how it will complement a sixth-gen fighter. Joe noted that current Chinese combat drones displayed at air shows are likely not representative of those intended for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), which are probably more advanced.

The GJ-11 combat drone, unveiled in 2019, exemplifies China's progress in unmanned systems. Joe believes sophisticated combat drones are in advanced development or limited trial service. The J-20 fighter's twin-seat variant, designed for manned-unmanned teaming, could also contribute to these efforts.

If Wang's prediction of an operational sixth-gen fighter by 2035 is accurate, a maiden flight would need to occur by 2028, implying a prototype should be ready soon. While Joe is confident in this timeline, Mulvaney estimates China will reveal a meaningful design in the late 2030s or early 2040s.

Russian Spy Ships Allegedly Gathering Intel on Israel's Newest Submarine INS Drakon

 Following allegations of U.S. surveillance on China's Fujian aircraft carrier, there are now claims that Russia might be collecting critical intelligence on Israel’s latest submarine, INS Drakon. Naval analyst H.I. Sutton suggested that two Russian spy ships, the Sibiryakov and Wassili Tatischtschew, were likely monitoring Israel’s new submarine, which is currently undergoing sea trials in Kiel, Germany.

The submarine, constructed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), has drawn significant attention. An analysis by Droxford Maritime indicated that Sibiryakov had been sent to observe the sea trials, while German media reported that Wassili Tatischtschew positioned itself off Kiel.

Russia has a history of deploying spy ships to gather intelligence on adversaries. For example, in April last year, Russia was accused of using a spy ship in Nordic waters to potentially sabotage underwater cables and wind farms. Since 2014, allegations have surfaced about Russian ships eavesdropping on North Sea facilities, with at least 50 vessels reportedly lingering near power facilities, oil and gas sites, and military training grounds during NATO exercises, according to public media investigations in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway.

Earlier this year, a Russian spy ship, the Kareliya, lingered near Japan’s coastline during a 10-day deployment. Spying during sea trials is common, as it allows navies to build an acoustic library of new submarines, monitor their performance, and gather data more easily than when the vessels are in active service.

INS Drakon, the latest and most advanced of Israel’s Dolphin II class attack submarines, features a large sail likely housing vertical launch tubes for strategic missiles. Once operational, it will be part of Israel’s nuclear deterrent, making it a prime target during its sea trials. Experts note that the marine pathways used are usually closed off to the public, making the alleged Russian surveillance more significant.

Droxford Maritime observed that while the Israeli submarine’s movements haven’t been reported, it was seen being fueled in early June, indicating ongoing trials. These claims echo similar accusations by China against the U.S. earlier this year. China alleged that a U.S. Air Force electronic intelligence aircraft was conducting surveillance on its newest aircraft carrier, the Fujian, during its sea trials in May 2024.

Flight-tracking data from Hans M. Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists showed the U.S. spy plane conducting surveillance missions along the Chinese coastline on May 7, 9, 10, and 13. The operations, originating from Okinawa’s Kadena Air Base, involved long-haul flights over strategically important regions, including the Luzon Strait, the Paracel Islands, and the Pearl River Delta. The U.S. Defense Department did not disclose the specifics of these operations, but they were seen as attempts to gather intelligence on the Chinese carrier amid rising tensions between China and the West.

Israeli Air Force Grounds F-16 Squadron After Targeting Errors in Gaza

 The Israeli Air Force (IAF) has temporarily grounded an F-16 squadron stationed at Ramon Air Base for three weeks due to two significant incidents of incorrect targeting in Gaza. These errors, which the IAF described as a “landmark error,” occurred twice within a span of two weeks, revealing critical flaws in target verification and operational procedures.

The first incident was caused by the incorrect entry of ground coordinates, leading to an unintended target being hit. Despite changes to procedures after this mistake, a similar error happened days later during an overnight mission targeting five locations in Gaza. A digit error in the target coordinates led to another incorrect strike.

An IAF spokesperson highlighted the failure to follow ground verification procedures, attributing the mistakes to “negligence in entering waypoints, non-compliance with additional control procedures by the crew, and a failure to adapt to the updated procedures after the initial error.”

Fortunately, there were no casualties or damage from these incidents. The grounding of the squadron aims to prevent future errors and reinforce strict adherence to targeting protocols. The IAF plans a thorough investigation to address the root causes and implement stronger preventive measures.

This incident follows another significant error by the IAF nearly a month earlier when a combat aircraft accidentally dropped a bomb intended for Gaza on Israeli territory. The unexploded bomb, found on May 17 in Yated village near the Gaza border, posed a serious risk to local residents.

The recent grounding of the squadron comes amid escalating tensions and ongoing conflict in the region, emphasizing the critical need for precise military operations to maintain international credibility and minimize unintended consequences.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the “intense phase of the war with Hamas in Gaza is about to end,” but military operations would continue until Hamas is eliminated. He indicated that the conflict might soon shift focus to the northern border with Lebanon, where clashes with Hezbollah have intensified, underscoring the broader regional instability Israel faces.

ATACMS with Cluster Warheads Breaches Russia's S-500 Defense in Sevastopol Attack, Escalates US-Russia Tensions

 

Tensions between Russia and the United States have sharply increased following a significant missile strike on Sevastopol, Crimea, on June 23, resulting in four deaths, including two children, and about 150 injuries from missile debris falling on a nearby beach. Russian officials assert that the missiles were US-supplied ATACMS.

The Russian defense ministry stated that the ATACMS missiles, capable of hitting targets up to 300km away, were responsible for the attack. The incident has led to chaotic scenes in the Uchkuyevka area, with beachgoers fleeing and injured individuals being assisted.

Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov condemned the strike as “barbaric,” accusing the US of "killing Russian children" and supporting Kyiv in committing acts of international terrorism. He emphasized the US involvement, claiming that all ATACMS are programmed and guided by American specialists.

The Russian defense ministry reported intercepting five cluster warhead-loaded missiles launched by Ukrainian forces. Despite this, significant casualties and damage occurred due to falling debris. Additionally, an American UAV, the Global Hawk, was reportedly present over the Black Sea during the attack, further implicating US involvement.

ATACMS are ground-launched ballistic missiles that travel at speeds up to 2,300 mph, making them challenging to intercept. Upon launch, Russia’s radar systems activate, but the missile's speed leaves only about three minutes to respond, straining air defense units.

The US approved sending Ukraine its first batch of ATACMS with a 165 km range in October. In March, a long-range version capable of hitting targets up to 300 km away was sent. These missiles have significantly impacted Russian targets in Crimea since their first use in April.

In mid-May, a major ATACMS attack on a Russian base in Belbek, Crimea, destroyed an S-400 radar and two launchers. Analysts report substantial Russian losses, including command posts, radars, and launchers.

Russian military expert Vasily Dandykin acknowledged the effectiveness of ATACMS, emphasizing the need for improved air defenses and preemptive strikes on Ukrainian missile systems.

Meanwhile, the Kyiv Post reported that ATACMS breached Russia's S-500 air defense system for the first time, indicating a significant escalation in the conflict and highlighting the missile's capability to penetrate Russia’s most advanced defenses.

Japan Commissions Sixth Mogami-Class Frigate 'Agano' for JMSDF

 On June 21, 2024, Japanese shipbuilder Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Maritime Systems Co., Ltd. held a delivery and flag-raising ceremony for the ‘Agano’ (あがの), officially commissioning it into the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The 'Agano' is the sixth vessel in the Mogami-class series of next-generation frigates, designated with the pennant number FFM-6. It will be stationed at the Maizuru Naval Base.

The frigate is named after the Agano River, a notable river in the Hokuriku region of Honshu, Japan. The ship was launched by MHI in Nagasaki in December 2022.

The Mogami-class frigates, also known as 30FFM and previously 30DX, represent the next generation of multi-mission vessels for the JMSDF. The JMSDF initially planned to procure 22 of these frigates but has revised this number to 12 by the end of fiscal year 2023. From 2024 to 2028, a new class of 12 improved Mogami-class frigates will be built, featuring longer-range missiles, enhanced anti-submarine capabilities, and improved maritime operational functionalities.

Key specifications of the FFM include a full load displacement of approximately 5,500 tons, a length of 132.5 meters, and a beam of 16.3 meters, with a maximum speed exceeding 30 knots. The frigates are designed to be highly automated, requiring a crew of about 90 sailors.

The FFM is equipped with advanced weaponry and systems, including:

• BAE Systems Mk.45 mod.4 5-inch naval gun system
• Japan Steel Works 12.7mm Remote Weapon System (×2)
• Mk.41 Vertical Launch System (VLS)
• Raytheon SeaRAM
• MHI Type 17 anti-ship missiles (×8)
• Mitsubishi Electric OPY-2 multifunction Radar
• Mitsubishi Electric OAX-3EO/IR sensors
• Hitachi OQQ-11 anti-mine sonar
• NEC OQQ-25 anti-submarine sonar (VDS/TASS)
• Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) for mine countermeasures
• Offensive sea mines

The introduction of the new-class FFM aims to bolster the JMSDF's capabilities, with the enhanced frigates featuring improved anti-aircraft and search functions, potentially elevating them to the status of missile frigates (FFG).

Additionally, the Royal Australian Navy has shortlisted the Mogami-class as one of four contenders for its next frigate, alongside Germany’s Meko A-200, South Korea’s Daegu class FFX Batch II and III, and Spain’s Navantia ALFA3000. Admiral Sakai Ryo of the JMSDF welcomed this selection, emphasizing the high trust and evaluation of Japanese naval equipment.

U.S. Army to Deploy Over 1,000 Switchblade 600 Drones Under Replicator Program

 The U.S. Army plans to deploy more than 1,000 Switchblade 600 drones over the next year as part of the Replicator initiative. This program, spearheaded by the Pentagon, aims to field thousands of uncrewed systems. General James Mingus, the Army’s vice chief of staff, disclosed this quantity during a House Appropriations defense subcommittee hearing on June 21 at the Defense Innovation Unit’s headquarters in Mountain View, California.

Manufactured by AeroVironment, the Switchblade 600 loitering munition is among the initial systems the Defense Department will procure through the first tranche of the Replicator program. It is the only system officials have identified by name so far. Other systems include an unspecified fleet of maritime drones, uncrewed surface vehicles, and counter-drone systems.

Replicator, announced by Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks last August, has two main objectives. In the short term, the Pentagon aims to deploy large numbers of expendable drones to counter China. The larger goal is to establish a sustainable process for acquiring technology to meet the department’s urgent operational needs.

The Pentagon plans to allocate $1 billion to the Replicator effort during fiscal years 2024 and 2025, with funds sourced from prior year appropriations, a reprogramming request, a national security supplemental approved in August, and the department’s yet-to-be-approved FY-25 budget proposal.

Switchblade drones have seen significant use on battlefields in Russia, Syria, and Iraq. The Army initially intended to procure the system through its Low Altitude Stalking and Strike Ordnance program in smaller quantities. In October, the Army announced plans to purchase 100 Switchblade drones for testing and deployment within its units.

General Mingus highlighted the collaboration behind this innovation during the hearing, noting that the Switchblade was included as part of Replicator Tranche One and will now be scaled up to over 1,000 units in the coming year.

Deputy Defense Secretary Hicks announced last month that the department began fielding Replicator systems to Indo-Pacific Command in early May. However, the Pentagon has not disclosed the specific systems or quantities fielded.

“This demonstrates that warfighter-centric innovation is not only feasible but is also yielding tangible results,” Hicks stated. “As we deploy these systems, our comprehensive capability development process continues.”

Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray: Revolutionary Underwater Drone with Extended Capabilities

 

Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray submersible underwater drone has been the subject of considerable interest for some time. Its exact dimensions have become clearer only recently, thanks to satellite images, including one captured a year ago and another more recently, which have been circulating on social media.

The Manta Ray, seen docked at the Port Hueneme Naval Base in California, has an imposing presence. The War Zone has even compared its size to that of a spaceship from Star Wars, suggesting it looks as though it has landed on Tatooine. This image, available on Google Earth from November 2023, includes a 3D visualization to help appreciate the Manta Ray’s massive size.

Official data indicates that the Manta Ray is approximately 30 feet long. This size allows it to house complex sensors and communication equipment while maintaining a streamlined design for efficient underwater movement. Its wingspan, critical for stability and maneuverability, is about 20 feet, enabling it to glide effortlessly underwater. The drone stands around 5 feet tall.

Unveiling the Manta Ray: What We Know

The Northrop Grumman Manta Ray is an advanced underwater vehicle designed for various military and research applications. It is part of a larger initiative to develop autonomous systems capable of extended underwater operations without human intervention.

The Manta Ray employs a range of sophisticated systems to ensure functionality and effectiveness. These include advanced sonar and sensor arrays for navigation and detection, communication systems for data transmission, and AI-driven software for autonomous decision-making and mission planning.

Manta Ray’s Propulsion and Equipment

The Manta Ray’s propulsion is powered by a combination of electric motors and energy-efficient propellers, allowing for quiet operation crucial for stealth missions and minimizing detection by adversaries.

Technologically, the Manta Ray boasts high-resolution imaging systems, environmental monitoring tools, and customizable payload bays for specific missions. Its primary purpose is to enhance military underwater operational capabilities, including intelligence gathering, mine countermeasures, and anti-submarine warfare. Its versatility also makes it suitable for non-military uses such as oceanographic research and underwater infrastructure inspection.

The Manta Ray is designed for extensive operational range, allowing it to cover large areas without frequent resurfacing. Its energy-efficient systems and advanced battery technology provide significant operational endurance, enabling it to stay underwater for weeks or even months, depending on mission requirements and environmental conditions. This long-duration capability distinguishes it from many other submersible drones, allowing for sustained operations in challenging underwater environments.

Ongoing Development and Future Prospects

Since 2020, Northrop Grumman has been developing the Manta Ray underwater drone under the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiative. This project aims to create autonomous underwater vehicles capable of long-term missions without human intervention. The first tests of the Manta Ray took place in 2023, assessing its performance in various underwater environments and its ability to execute advanced missions autonomously.

The exact number of Manta Rays slated for production remains undisclosed. However, the strategic value of these autonomous underwater vehicles suggests that production numbers will depend on the success of these initial tests and further evaluations.

If early tests are successful, the production and deployment of Manta Ray submersible drones could begin in the latter half of this decade. This timeline allows for refinements and enhancements based on test outcomes, ensuring these drones meet the operational needs of the US Navy and other potential stakeholders.

Russia Deploys S-500 Prometheus in Crimea to Safeguard Key Assets

 Russia has reportedly deployed elements of its advanced S-500 air defense system to Crimea following successful Ukrainian strikes on the S-400 missile system. This move raises questions about whether Russia is exposing its still combat-untested system to potential Ukrainian attacks.

Currently, Russia operates only one active S-500 regiment, which consists of two battalions with two air-defense batteries each. The specifics of which elements have been moved are unclear, as such systems have multiple operational components, including command posts, radars, and launchers.

The S-500 may have been deployed to protect the critical Kerch Bridge in Crimea. This bridge, vital for connecting Crimea to mainland Russia, has been a frequent target of Ukrainian attacks. The S-500 is designed to replace the S-400 and the A-235 ABM systems, providing advanced defense against modern aerial threats, including stealth jets, hypersonic missiles, and satellites.

Ukraine continues to target Crimea, complicating Russia's efforts to maintain control. Attacks have focused on air defenses, bridges, rail links, and power supplies, including significant hits on the Kerch Bridge, impacting Russia’s ability to transport heavy military equipment.

The S-500 Prometheus is a significant leap in Russian air defense technology, boasting the ability to engage targets at ranges up to 600 kilometers. Its sophisticated radar system can track and target stealth aircraft, hypersonic missiles, and low-orbit satellites, providing a robust defensive capability.

The S-500 system includes four radar vehicles per battery and uses multiple frequencies to detect stealth aircraft. It can engage 10 targets simultaneously with a response time of three to four seconds, faster than the S-400. Its radar can detect ballistic and airborne threats at remarkable distances, with a range of up to 2,000 kilometers for ballistic targets and 800 kilometers for airborne threats.

This system can launch missiles that reach altitudes up to 200 kilometers, allowing it to intercept ballistic missiles and low-orbit satellites. Despite its capabilities, the S-500's deployment to Crimea, where it is vulnerable to Ukrainian strikes, remains a contentious decision.

Ukraine's strategy of degrading Russian air defenses continues, with significant impacts on S-300 and S-400 batteries already observed. The S-500’s deployment in Crimea marks its first known combat role, with Russia aiming to fully deploy these systems around Moscow by 2025.

Russia’s long-term plans include ringing Moscow with S-500 systems to bolster its defense against Western threats. India and China have shown interest in acquiring the S-500, with potential implications for regional security dynamics.

India, in particular, is monitoring the S-500's performance in Ukraine, considering its potential acquisition to bolster its defense against China. Effective deployment strategies, including dispersion and camouflage, will be crucial to protect such advanced systems from unconventional attacks.

Overall, the S-500 Prometheus represents a significant advancement in air defense technology, but its real-world effectiveness remains to be fully proven in the ongoing conflict dynamics.

US to Supply Taiwan with 1000 Armed Drones Amid Rising Tensions with China

 The United States has approved a $360 million sale of over 1,000 small armed drones to Taiwan, significantly enhancing Taiwan's asymmetric defense strategy against China. The U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) announced on June 18 that Taiwan will receive 720 Switchblade drones and related fire control systems valued at $60.2 million. Additionally, Taiwan will acquire up to 291 Altius 600M loitering munitions and associated components for $300 million.

This sale comes as Taiwan awaits previously ordered military equipment, including Abrams tanks, F-16 Vipers, and advanced munitions from Washington. Despite adhering to the 'One China' principle, the U.S. is legally obligated to provide Taiwan with defensive tools against Chinese aggression. This arms sale has drawn criticism from Beijing, which accuses the U.S. of turning Taiwan into a "powder keg."

The drone sale is crucial for Taiwan's asymmetric warfare strategy, which relies on unconventional weapons to deter a Chinese invasion. Taiwan's National Defense Report emphasizes increasing resilience and self-sufficiency, prioritizing domestic defense, and enhancing its "all-out defense" capabilities.

The U.S. Indo-Pacific Command's "Hellscape" strategy aims to deploy drones to distract China during a Taiwanese invasion, allowing U.S. forces time to respond. Admiral Samuel Paparo outlined this strategy, which involves flooding the Taiwan Strait with unmanned submarines, surface ships, and aerial drones to impede a Chinese invasion fleet.

Taiwan's recent interest in drones was likely influenced by their successful use in Ukraine, where U.S.-supplied Switchblade UAVs helped repel Russian forces. Taiwan has also developed its own drones, such as the Chien Hsiang loitering munitions, capable of targeting diverse radar systems deployed by China.

The Switchblade 300, known for its low-cost, lightweight, and precision-guided capabilities, can be deployed quickly from various platforms and has a range of 30 kilometers. Its unique abort function allows it to self-destruct if necessary, minimizing casualties.

The Altius-600M loitering munition, larger than the Switchblade 300, can be launched from land, air, or sea and features multiple seekers and warhead options. It boasts twice the loitering time and range of current loitering munitions and can operate in swarms, enabling a single operator to control multiple drones simultaneously.

Taiwan thanked the U.S. for the drone sale, marking the 15th arms deal between the two since 2021. Taiwan's Presidential Office spokesperson, Karen Kuo, emphasized the importance of strengthening self-defense and asymmetric warfare capabilities to uphold democracy and international order.

White House Prioritizes Air Defense Interceptors for Ukraine Amid Ongoing Conflict

 

The United States has moved Ukraine to the top of the list for receiving air defense interceptors, a vital weapon for Ukraine’s self-defense. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby announced this adjustment during a briefing, describing it as a “difficult but necessary” decision. In the short term, Patriot and NASAMS interceptors initially destined for other countries will be redirected to Ukraine.

Kirby mentioned that this would delay deliveries to other countries currently awaiting these interceptors. However, Ukraine is expected to receive hundreds of these air defense weapons by the end of summer, which should suffice for the next 16 months. After this period, the countries waiting for their interceptors will start receiving their orders.

Kirby clarified that these countries will still receive their ordered missiles, but the delivery will be delayed. He did not specify which countries would face delays but assured that Taiwan and Israel would not be affected.

Lockheed Martin, fully funded by the U.S. Army, is producing 550 PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement (MSE) missiles annually and reached a production rate of 500 per year in December 2023. Although the Army has not funded further increases, Lockheed has internally invested to produce 650 interceptors annually. In 2023, Lockheed signed six letters of approval with international customers.

Nineteen countries currently use the Raytheon-made Patriot system, and this customer base is expanding. Switzerland purchased five batteries and 75 missiles in November 2022, and Romania plans to buy more units. Additionally, at least two other European countries are close to announcing Patriot purchases, with Slovakia and Germany showing interest.

This decision marks one of the most significant measures the U.S. has taken to support Ukraine since the full-scale war with Russia began two years ago. Pentagon leaders have prioritized air defense for countries backing Kyiv, as evidenced by recent actions. U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin emphasized the importance of air defense during a June press conference at NATO headquarters in Brussels, following a meeting of countries coordinating support for Ukraine.

Reports indicated that the U.S. was sending another Patriot system to Ukraine, though neither Austin nor Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. CQ Brown confirmed this. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated in June that his country needs seven Patriot systems. Germany and the Netherlands have committed to sending Patriot systems, and other countries have pledged different air defense systems like NASAMS.

Austin noted that Ukraine needs various capabilities, not just Patriots, and the interceptors to support them. Despite their importance, air defense batteries and interceptors are in short supply. The U.S. and its allies have been sourcing extra weapons to support Ukraine amid drone and missile attacks. This recent decision highlights the tight supply chain for these systems, leading to a reordering rather than an expansion of capacity.

Tom Karako, an air defense expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, emphasized the need to expand inventory, noting that funds meant to increase capacity from the April national security supplemental haven’t been spent yet. This package includes around $48 billion for military aid to Ukraine, though the amount for air defense isn’t specified.

Kirby did not detail which countries would be affected by the reshuffle but assured that Washington would minimize delays. He acknowledged that each country’s circumstances would differ based on their orders and self-defense needs.

Russia Completes Trials of Upgraded T-14 Armata Tank with Powerful 152 mm Gun

The testing phase for a new version of the T-14 Armata tank is nearing completion at the 38th Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense. As of December 2023, Rostec Corporation has made significant progress on this enhanced T-14, according to Sergey Chemezov, Rostec’s head. Chemezov highlighted the tank's advanced capabilities and potential.

Chemezov noted that the final adjustments are being made, which will soon make the T-14 more formidable. The latest T-14, built on the "Armata" platform, features advanced Russian-made electronic systems and a new fire control system. However, detailed specifications of these upgrades remain undisclosed.

Reports from the defense industry reveal that the new T-14 model replaces the 125-mm 2A82-1M gun with an improved 152-mm smoothbore 2A83-1A gun. This gun, featuring a chrome barrel, was originally developed in the '90s for the T-95, also known as “Object 195.” The project was halted in 2009 due to outdated Soviet-era technologies and excess weight.

Following this, the Ural Design Bureau for Transport Machine Building (UKBTM) initiated the “Combat System of the Future Armata” project, leading to the development of the T-14. This tank incorporates an uninhabited combat module and an isolated armored crew capsule. Various versions were created, including export models and one with a 152-mm gun.

In 2015, efforts began to develop a robotic version of the T-14 tank with a 125-mm main gun. Rostec started testing prototypes of this unmanned T-14 in April 2020. However, updates on the unmanned version have been scarce, especially since 2022, due to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and increased production of T-90M tanks.

Testing of the experimental T-14 with a 152 mm gun started in February 2016. This version, intended for specialized combat missions, remains in the testing phase despite expectations of earlier deployment. There have been speculations about the project's suspension to focus on a version with a 125 mm barrel, but recent updates confirm ongoing development.

A military expert indicated that this experimental tank, built on the "Armata" platform, is demonstrating unique and versatile capabilities in tests. It features a hull nearly identical to the basic T-14 Armata tank, armed with a 152-mm gun, and includes updates for stealth and enhanced protection.

The 152-mm gun significantly increases firepower, allowing the tank to fire modern long-range ammunition, including high-explosive and thermobaric projectiles. This new ammunition led to modifications in the automatic loading system and ammunition rack placement.

The T-14 can carry 40 shells for the 152-mm version, with 24 in the autoloader. In comparison, the standard T-14 with a 125-mm gun carries 45 shells, 32 in the autoloader. The new 152 mm caliber BOPS projectile, made from heavy materials like depleted uranium, has an effective range of about 5 km.

The tank can also use advanced Krasnopol artillery projectiles and anti-tank guided missiles from the 9M133FM family, with a range of up to 10 km. This versatility allows the T-14 to function as a short-range air defense system as well.

Despite the increased firepower, the 152-mm barrel has a shorter lifespan compared to the 125-mm barrel, and the vehicle’s weight has increased, potentially affecting mobility. However, the T-14’s design allows for easy switching between different gun calibers without altering the turret ring system.

Production of the T-14 has moved to UVZ’s main tank assembly workshop No. 130 in Nizhny Tagil, where new advanced machinery has been installed. Mass production of the new T-14 tank is expected to start this year, along with development of the T-15 infantry fighting vehicle and the T-16 armored repair vehicle, as stated by military expert Viktor Murakhovski.