US F-35 Pilot Makes Emergency Exit at Japanese Base: Speculation on Potential Causes

 

On July 12, a video surfaced online showing a US F-35 pilot hastily exiting his aircraft at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan. Posted by the Clash Report account on the X social network, the video depicts the F-35 parked on a runway with the cockpit open. The pilot can be seen climbing out and carefully making his way along the fuselage towards the wing before jumping to the ground. Fire trucks arrive during the video, with firefighters in full gear, suggesting a potential heat or gas-related emergency, though specifics remain speculative.

The absence of an official statement from the US Air Force has led to various hypotheses. One possibility is outgassing, where gases previously trapped in materials are released. In an F-35, this could occur from construction materials, the fuel system, or the pilot's life support systems. These gases could create hazardous conditions, such as toxic fumes in the cockpit or electrical malfunctions, forcing the pilot to exit quickly.

Composite materials used in the F-35 might release gases when exposed to high temperatures, potentially during high-speed flights or combat. If these gases accumulate in the cockpit, they could pose a significant risk. Another concern is the fuel system, where a fault or leak could release volatile gases into the cockpit, creating a dangerous environment. The life support systems could also malfunction, releasing harmful gases and causing hypoxia or exposure to toxins.

Outgassing could also impact the F-35's avionics and other critical systems. Released gases might cause condensation on electronic components, leading to short circuits or malfunctions. This could result in the pilot losing control of the aircraft, necessitating an emergency exit.

Heat is another factor that can affect the F-35. Excessive heat in the cockpit can lead to pilot heat stress or exhaustion, impairing cognitive and physical performance. Heat can also cause malfunctions in avionics and electronic systems, compromising the aircraft's operational capabilities. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can weaken structural materials, risking airframe failures.

Additionally, heat can impact the F-35's fuel and hydraulic systems, increasing the risk of fuel vaporization or hydraulic fluid degradation, leading to leaks, fires, or loss of control surfaces. The stealth capabilities of the F-35 could also be affected, as high temperatures might alter radar-absorbing materials, reducing the aircraft's ability to evade detection.

Despite these speculations, the US Air Force has not provided an official reason for the pilot's emergency exit. The situation remains unclear, and further announcements from Washington are awaited to clarify the incident.

Turkey's KAAN Fighter Jet: Ambitious Plans for Global Sales and Advanced Capabilities

 In a recent interview with Gdh TV, Mehmet Demiroğlu, the executive director of Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI), detailed the ambitious plans for the KAAN fighter jet, which is touted as Turkey's fifth-generation fighter. Preliminary data suggests that the Turkish Air Force will acquire over 100 KAAN aircraft. Additionally, TAI aims to secure international orders, potentially boosting total sales to between 250 and 300 units. Friendly and allied nations are expected to receive around 150 of these jets. 

The KAAN recently completed its second flight, with former TAI executive Temel Kotil claiming the aircraft would surpass the American F-35 in performance. TAI is actively promoting the KAAN internationally to avoid a significant price hike, as the cost of each jet could exceed $100 million without external orders. 

Potential partners include Azerbaijan, with whom Turkey signed a cooperation agreement last summer, and Pakistan. Ukraine has also shown interest, with their ambassador to Turkey indicating plans to both purchase and utilize the KAAN fighters. By 2028, the Turkish Air Force plans to receive 20 KAAN fighters, with production expected to ramp up significantly by 2030.

The KAAN fighter, also known as the TF-X, is designed to perform a variety of missions, including air-to-air combat, air-to-ground strikes, and reconnaissance. It is being developed by TAI in collaboration with various national and international partners. The aircraft's dimensions include a length of approximately 19 meters, a wingspan of around 12 meters, and a height of about 6 meters. Its twin-engine setup will enable high-speed maneuvers and sustained supersonic flight, though the exact engine model is not yet confirmed. 

The KAAN boasts advanced stealth capabilities, supercruise ability, and highly agile aerodynamics, reducing its radar cross-section. Its avionics suite features advanced radar systems, electronic warfare capabilities, and an integrated sensor fusion system for comprehensive situational awareness and multi-target engagement. 

The aircraft will carry various weapons, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground missiles, precision-guided bombs, and a built-in cannon, with multiple hardpoints for external weapons and fuel tanks. Its operational range is projected to be around 1,200 nautical miles without refueling, extendable with external fuel tanks or aerial refueling.

Promoting the KAAN in the international market is crucial for Turkey to manage costs and enhance its defense capabilities. The aircraft’s advanced features and ambitious production plans reflect Turkey’s commitment to establishing a robust and competitive aerospace industry. The KAAN project, led by TAI with both national and international collaborations, represents a significant step forward in Turkey’s defense technology and its aspirations for a stronger presence in the global defense market.

China Revolutionizes Aerial Surveillance with Advanced Weather Radar Technology

 

Chinese scientists may have achieved a significant breakthrough in aerial surveillance by upgrading ordinary weather radars to detect even the smallest airborne objects. This innovative radar technology allows the detection of tiny high-altitude balloons with the same precision as spotting an F-35 stealth fighter jet, according to claims by the Hong Kong "South China Morning Post."

This advancement transforms weather radars, traditionally unable to detect such small, slow-moving objects, into highly effective surveillance tools. This capability poses potential security concerns for other nations, including the US and India.

The new technology, which only requires a software upgrade for existing weather radars, is both cost-effective and efficient. This means that China can enhance its aviation monitoring and national defense capabilities without significant investment in new hardware.

This upgrade enables weather radars to continue their primary function of weather forecasting while also monitoring small airborne objects, marking a major technological advancement. In the context of the competitive global technological landscape, this achievement underscores China's prowess in innovation.

The development is timely, considering the growing contest for aerial dominance. In early 2023, a Chinese "weather balloon" traversed the US, causing a media frenzy and embarrassing the US military, which initially failed to detect it.

Understanding the Threat: Spy Balloons

Spy balloons have a longstanding history in espionage, offering unique advantages despite the prevalence of satellites. These advanced balloons, equipped with high-tech imaging gear, can provide close-range monitoring and intercept communications. Unlike satellites, which orbit rapidly, these balloons hover at lower altitudes, capturing clearer images.

Chinese researchers have highlighted the military uses of such balloons, including creating false air situations, deploying weapons, and conducting psychological warfare and reconnaissance.

China's "Spy Balloons" in US Skies

In January 2023, a large Chinese balloon entered US airspace, initially undetected by the US military. Public pressure led to the deployment of fighter jets to track the balloon, which was eventually shot down in February 2023. Subsequent investigations revealed the balloon was transmitting navigation data back to China using an American internet service provider.

Threat to Other Countries

China's surveillance efforts extend beyond the US. Countries like Japan and India have reported mysterious aerial objects, suspected to be Chinese spy balloons. China has established its Near-Space Command, utilizing drones, robotics, and spy balloons for high-altitude surveillance under the Central Military Commission.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF), a covert unit of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), operates spy balloons and other surveillance technologies. The SSF runs tracking and command stations worldwide and has a fleet of space support ships.

The Biden administration has accused China of running a military-linked aerial surveillance program targeting over 40 countries. The US and its allies, including Japan and Taiwan, have reported multiple instances of suspected Chinese spy balloons in their airspace.

In November 2023, an unidentified flying object near Imphal airport in Manipur, India, led to the mobilization of fully loaded Rafale jets, highlighting the heightened state of alert regarding potential aerial threats from China.

Conclusion

The implications are clear: aerial surveillance has entered a new phase. While the US and other nations work to improve their detection capabilities, China has surged ahead, converting simple weather radars into advanced surveillance systems. This development signals a new era in aerial espionage, with China significantly altering the landscape of aerial security and surveillance.

China Advances Toward Sixth-Generation Fighter Jet with Significant Progress

 Despite China's notorious secrecy surrounding its defense projects, there are signs of progress in developing a sixth-generation fighter jet. The clearest indication came from a January 2019 WeChat post by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). In an interview, Wang Haifeng, the chief designer at Chengdu Aerospace Corp., an AVIC subsidiary, revealed plans for a combat aircraft designed to "protect the sea and sky" by 2035.

Wang mentioned features such as manned-unmanned teaming, artificial intelligence, enhanced stealth, and omnidirectional sensors. In 2022, U.S. Air Combat Command’s head affirmed these efforts are "on track," noting that China views sixth-gen technology similarly to the U.S., emphasizing stealth, processing power, and reprogrammable open-mission systems.

Rick Joe, a Chinese military expert, now considers these sixth-gen efforts a confirmed program. Since 2019, there have been more indicators, including AVIC artwork of next-gen fighter designs, academic papers, and statements from officials. In October 2021, satellite imagery showed a tailless fighter-like airframe at Chengdu Aerospace facilities.

Joe reported that demonstrator testbeds, possibly subscale versions, have already flown. Without an official name, he referred to the aircraft as the J-XD, noting it might initially have less capable subsystems compared to U.S. equivalents but is closing the technological gap.

Sixth-gen fighters are expected to feature advanced aerodynamic design, radiofrequency materials, flight control software, sensing technologies, data-linking and combat-management systems, weapons, and integration with collaborative drones. Joe believes China is competing on par with other nations pursuing similar capabilities.

However, Brendan Mulvaney, director of the U.S. Air Force’s China Aerospace Studies Institute, expressed a more cautious outlook. While he acknowledges China’s potential to develop advanced fighters in the future, he doubts they have the capability today. He highlighted China’s challenges with jet engine development but noted significant improvements.

Mulvaney suggested that China's future fighter might be optionally manned, allowing for autonomous operations or serving as a loyal wingman. While Chinese drone technology is ambitious, it remains unclear how it will complement a sixth-gen fighter. Joe noted that current Chinese combat drones displayed at air shows are likely not representative of those intended for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), which are probably more advanced.

The GJ-11 combat drone, unveiled in 2019, exemplifies China's progress in unmanned systems. Joe believes sophisticated combat drones are in advanced development or limited trial service. The J-20 fighter's twin-seat variant, designed for manned-unmanned teaming, could also contribute to these efforts.

If Wang's prediction of an operational sixth-gen fighter by 2035 is accurate, a maiden flight would need to occur by 2028, implying a prototype should be ready soon. While Joe is confident in this timeline, Mulvaney estimates China will reveal a meaningful design in the late 2030s or early 2040s.

Russia Deploys S-500 Prometheus in Crimea to Safeguard Key Assets

 Russia has reportedly deployed elements of its advanced S-500 air defense system to Crimea following successful Ukrainian strikes on the S-400 missile system. This move raises questions about whether Russia is exposing its still combat-untested system to potential Ukrainian attacks.

Currently, Russia operates only one active S-500 regiment, which consists of two battalions with two air-defense batteries each. The specifics of which elements have been moved are unclear, as such systems have multiple operational components, including command posts, radars, and launchers.

The S-500 may have been deployed to protect the critical Kerch Bridge in Crimea. This bridge, vital for connecting Crimea to mainland Russia, has been a frequent target of Ukrainian attacks. The S-500 is designed to replace the S-400 and the A-235 ABM systems, providing advanced defense against modern aerial threats, including stealth jets, hypersonic missiles, and satellites.

Ukraine continues to target Crimea, complicating Russia's efforts to maintain control. Attacks have focused on air defenses, bridges, rail links, and power supplies, including significant hits on the Kerch Bridge, impacting Russia’s ability to transport heavy military equipment.

The S-500 Prometheus is a significant leap in Russian air defense technology, boasting the ability to engage targets at ranges up to 600 kilometers. Its sophisticated radar system can track and target stealth aircraft, hypersonic missiles, and low-orbit satellites, providing a robust defensive capability.

The S-500 system includes four radar vehicles per battery and uses multiple frequencies to detect stealth aircraft. It can engage 10 targets simultaneously with a response time of three to four seconds, faster than the S-400. Its radar can detect ballistic and airborne threats at remarkable distances, with a range of up to 2,000 kilometers for ballistic targets and 800 kilometers for airborne threats.

This system can launch missiles that reach altitudes up to 200 kilometers, allowing it to intercept ballistic missiles and low-orbit satellites. Despite its capabilities, the S-500's deployment to Crimea, where it is vulnerable to Ukrainian strikes, remains a contentious decision.

Ukraine's strategy of degrading Russian air defenses continues, with significant impacts on S-300 and S-400 batteries already observed. The S-500’s deployment in Crimea marks its first known combat role, with Russia aiming to fully deploy these systems around Moscow by 2025.

Russia’s long-term plans include ringing Moscow with S-500 systems to bolster its defense against Western threats. India and China have shown interest in acquiring the S-500, with potential implications for regional security dynamics.

India, in particular, is monitoring the S-500's performance in Ukraine, considering its potential acquisition to bolster its defense against China. Effective deployment strategies, including dispersion and camouflage, will be crucial to protect such advanced systems from unconventional attacks.

Overall, the S-500 Prometheus represents a significant advancement in air defense technology, but its real-world effectiveness remains to be fully proven in the ongoing conflict dynamics.

India to Reconsider Russian Su-57 Stealth Fighter to Counter China's J-20

 The Indian Air Force (IAF), recognized as the fourth largest air force globally, is currently without a fifth-generation fighter jet. Despite previous involvement in the Sukhoi/HAL Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) project, which was based on Russia's Sukhoi Su-57, India withdrew from the program in 2018. However, the possibility of revisiting this decision remains open.

Globally, 19 countries operate fifth-generation fighters. China uses its Chengdu J-20 ‘Mighty Dragon,’ while Russia employs the Sukhoi Su-57 ‘Felon.’ Seventeen other nations have adopted the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, with the U.S. exclusively operating the F-22 Raptor. Only the U.S., China, and Russia have developed original fifth-generation fighters, though many nations participate in F-35 development.

The FGFA project aimed to integrate 43 enhancements proposed by India into the Su-57, including advanced sensors and avionics. The Indian variant was planned to be a two-seater, featuring a pilot and a weapon systems operator (WSO). Since stepping away from FGFA, India has focused on developing its own fifth-generation fighter, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). However, the Su-57 remains an option, especially given the F-35's unavailability due to India's acquisition of the Russian S-400 air defense system.

The Sukhoi Su-57 is a twin-engine, stealth multirole fighter first developed in 1999 and introduced to the Russian military in 2020. Known for its air superiority and ability to engage surface and maritime targets, the Su-57 boasts stealth features, super-maneuverability, and a large payload capacity. Despite its advanced capabilities, the Su-57 has faced technological and financial hurdles, including issues with structural integrity during early tests.

The Su-57 features a blended wing body fuselage, extensive use of composites, and advanced stealth technologies aimed at reducing radar and infrared signatures. It is equipped with sophisticated avionics, including a modular avionics system and various radar systems for enhanced situational awareness. The aircraft can deploy various countermeasures and is being tested for advanced AI and unmanned teaming technologies.

Russia's production of the Su-57 has been slow, with plans for significant expansion. Initial operational use included deployments in Syria and Ukraine, demonstrating the aircraft's capabilities in combat situations. Future developments include an upgraded Su-57M variant, a potential carrier-based version, and integration with the Okhotnik UCAV for uncrewed operations.

In contrast, China’s Chengdu J-20 ‘Mighty Dragon’ has seen rapid production, with nearly 250 units built. Designed for air superiority and precision strikes, the J-20 features advanced stealth design, powerful radar systems, and high maneuverability. The J-20’s production and deployment have outpaced the Su-57, reflecting China's growing military capabilities.

India, once a partner in the FGFA project, remains cautious about fully committing to the Su-57. Given the challenges and delays in developing the AMCA, India might reconsider the Su-57 or explore other options like the Su-75 Checkmate. However, with China's expanding J-20 fleet and potential threats from neighboring countries, India must act swiftly to ensure its air force remains competitive.

The Su-57 and J-20 will likely compete for market share in regions like Africa, West Asia, and Southeast Asia. Despite their differences, both aircraft offer cost-competitive solutions for countries seeking advanced air combat capabilities. As the global landscape of fifth-generation fighters evolves, India’s decisions will significantly impact its strategic military position.

Chinese Researchers Analyze F-35 vs. F-22: Which Stealth Fighter Poses a Greater Threat to PLAAF?

 Recently, US Indo-Pacific Command's Admiral Samuel Paparo discussed a “Hellscape” strategy to counter China, predicting a strong drone force could severely challenge any Chinese invasion of Taiwan. General Kenneth Wilsbach, Commander of the Pacific Air Forces, argued in March 2022 that using expendable unmanned aircraft against China would be more effective than deploying high-end stealth fighters like the F-35s or F-22s.

While many analysts view the F-22 Raptors as the primary threat to Beijing, Chinese researchers have a different perspective. In April last year, they conducted a study comparing the US stealth fighters F-35 and F-22, concluding that the F-35 Lightning II presents a greater threat than the F-22 Raptors.

Despite the F-22’s reputation as a formidable stealth aircraft, the study published in the Chinese-language journal Modern Defense Technology found the F-35 poses a more significant threat to Chinese military defenses. The research evaluated the impact of these aircraft during various stages of a counter-air operation near China’s coastline.

The study suggests that the F-35A, with its advanced avionics and multirole capabilities, is more adaptable and effective in potential conflicts in the Indo-Pacific region. Researchers noted that the F-35's ability to perform multiple functions and its versatility in various missions give it an edge over the F-22.

The F-35 has become a vital asset in the region due to its advanced technology and remarkable adaptability. The US and its allies operate many F-35s near China, whereas the F-22s are fewer in number and solely operated by the US Air Force, often on a rotational basis. By 2035, over 300 F-35s are expected to be deployed in the Indo-Pacific, with operators including Australia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and the US.

To counter the F-35 threat, Bao Junchen from the National University of Defense Technology and a team from the People’s Liberation Army’s Unit 31649 in Guangdong propose a dual strategy. They recommend enhancing electronic warfare capabilities for "soft kill" actions and developing physical weapons for "hard kill" responses. The F-35A's roles as both an intelligence-gathering sensor and a primary escort for forward attacks call for both non-destructive and destructive countermeasures.

China views the US’s penetrating counter-air operation strategy as a significant threat and is heavily investing in military capabilities to counteract US power in the Asia-Pacific. The US maintains a strong military presence in the region, with bases in Japan, South Korea, and Guam. In response, China has deployed advanced systems like the HQ-9 missile system and the J-20 stealth fighter, increasing production of the latter.

These weapons are intended to counter US air defenses and target high-value assets such as airfields and command centers. The study emphasizes that analyzing the F-22 and F-35 can help China develop effective countermeasures and protect its airspace. Additionally, the research advocates for a coordinated strategy to counter B-2 and B-1B bombers, which pose a threat when penetrating deeper into Chinese territory. A multi-dimensional approach using various platforms from air, land, sea, and space is recommended.

Although the study found the MQ-9 drone less threatening, it warned against ignoring advanced drones like the XQ-58A and RQ-180. The researchers used an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate each aircraft’s threat level, offering a nuanced assessment. However, the lack of raw data due to military sensitivity makes independent verification challenging.

China Aims for 1,000 J-20 Jets by 2035: Can India's AMCA Narrow the Gap?

 India is striving for self-reliance in developing indigenous fighter jets, with plans to launch the fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) program in 2024. However, by the time the AMCA becomes operational, China aims to have 1,000 J-20 'Mighty Dragon' 5th-generation jets in its arsenal.

China, the second country to deploy an operational 5th-generation fighter, is now advancing towards 6th-generation technologies. The J-20, a twinjet all-weather stealth fighter by Chengdu Aerospace Corporation for the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), first flew in 2011 and was revealed in 2016. Entering service in 2017, the PLAAF already has over 200 J-20s, targeting 400 by 2027 and 1,000 by 2035. Some J-20s are positioned less than 150 kilometers from India in the Sikkim region.

The J-20 is designed for air superiority and precision strikes. Currently, the Indian Air Force (IAF) counters with 36 French-built Rafale jets, stationed at the Hasimara air base in West Bengal, close to where J-20s are deployed.

Despite issues with jet engines, China’s early deployment of stealth aircraft gives it a significant lead in maturing 5th-generation capabilities compared to India's AMCA, which is still in the development phase. Retired Air Marshal Anil Chopra highlighted that India is still evolving technologies for its fifth-generation aircraft, including aero-engines, AESA radars, EW systems, and AI-based avionics.

There is pressure within India to accelerate its timeline. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved Rs. 15,000 crores ($1.9B) in March 2024 to develop the AMCA. The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will lead the project, with manufacturing by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

HAL is currently focusing on producing more LCA Mk1A jets to fulfill IAF orders before progressing to the LCA Mk2 and then the AMCA. The ADA asserts that the 25-ton twin-engine AMCA will be on par with or superior to other 5th-generation fighters globally once completed.

Air Marshal Chopra suggested that India consider collaborative routes, like joining the GCAP or the French-led FCAS program, to share costs and risks. The IAF’s reliance on aging third-generation jets, while neighboring adversaries rapidly upgrade, adds urgency to the situation. Pakistan might even acquire a fifth-generation fighter before the AMCA.

India's initial quest for a next-gen fighter began 15 years ago with a collaboration with Russia on the Fifth Generation Fighter Jet (FGFA). However, delays and missed deadlines have plagued the DRDO. The AMCA project, originally expected to produce a prototype in three years, now faces a timeline of seven years for its first flight and ten years for induction, pushing initial expectations from 2027 to 2035.

IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari advised caution, recommending foreign partnerships for alternative systems if domestic development falters. DRDO Chairman Samir Kamat’s revised timeline aligns with this cautious approach.

Former IAF veteran Vijaindra K Thakur warned about the risks of project delays and technological shortfalls, emphasizing the need for the CCS to stay vigilant about the AMCA’s impact on the IAF’s combat readiness. Balancing self-reliance with operational capability remains crucial for India's defense strategy amidst growing regional threats.

Chinese Satellite Tracks US F-22 Raptor: A Potential Shift in Aerial Surveillance Capabilities

 Chang Guang, a Chinese commercial aerospace company, has released a brief video purportedly showing a satellite tracking a US F-22 Raptor fighter jet. The video, which dates back to 2020, was shared by Clash Report on X and reportedly utilizes the commercial Jilin-1 remote control satellite system.

The footage is notably short, lasting just six seconds, during which the satellite’s camera tracks the aircraft, identified as an American F-22 Raptor navigating through partly cloudy skies. This raises several questions: Is the aircraft truly an F-22? Was the video edited? Did the Jilin-1 satellite system actually perform the tracking? And why release only a brief segment?

While observing the F-22 in video footage isn't unusual, its stealth technology makes it nearly invisible to radar but not to the naked eye. If the satellite can track the F-22 beyond these six seconds, it suggests a significant advancement in combat capabilities, implying that satellites could detect aircraft that ground-based radars might miss.

Reports confirming that Chinese satellites tracked an F-22 flight would spark discussions on combat capabilities. Stealth planes like the F-22 are not completely invisible to radars but have "low observability," making them harder to detect. The F-22’s radar cross-section (RCS) is about 0.0001 m², akin to a small metallic pebble, making it detectable at 1/17.5 of the distance of a typical fighter jet. However, detection depends greatly on the viewing angle.

While the F-22’s radar signature is minimal, it is still detectable, meaning tracking a known stealth aircraft is feasible. This suggests that integrating orbital technology with ground stations could enhance radar focus on specific sectors, aiding in identifying stealth aircraft signatures, assuming clear skies and no interference.

China’s Jilin-1 Satellite System, developed by Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co., Ltd., is a constellation of commercial remote sensing satellites providing high-resolution imagery and video for applications such as environmental monitoring, urban planning, and disaster response. It features diverse satellite types, including optical imaging, video, and hyperspectral satellites, allowing for a wide range of data capture. With a high revisit frequency, the system provides frequent updates of the same geographic area, crucial for real-time monitoring.

Launched initially in 2015, the Jilin-1 constellation has expanded significantly and now includes dozens of satellites, with plans for further growth.

Footage from 2020 has revealed that Chinese engineers are working on an advanced AI system to enhance the capabilities of low-cost commercial satellites, potentially transforming them into powerful surveillance tools. Reports suggest this system could improve success rates by up to seven times compared to current technology. Developed by researchers in the Chinese military, this AI system claims to track moving objects as small as a car with remarkable precision, achieving 95% accuracy in identifying small objects in Jilin-1 satellite videos, significantly surpassing existing methods.

Project-75I: German Shipbuilder to Provide Stealthy AIP Submarines with Lithium-Ion Batteries to Indian Navy

 

The Indian Navy is pursuing the acquisition of six submarines under its Project-75I, which aims to integrate Fuel Cell Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) technology with Lithium-ion batteries. This combination will enable the submarines to remain submerged for extended periods and move swiftly without compromising their stealth.

The focus of the Indian Navy is not on having the largest or fastest submarines but rather on achieving superior stealth and lethality. German shipbuilder ThyssenKrupp, a leading contender for the contract, has proposed its 214-class submarines, which incorporate advanced AIP technology and are tailored to Indian requirements. These submarines will be an enhanced version of the 214 class, featuring advanced sensors, combat systems, and Lithium-ion batteries, all while maintaining stealth capabilities.

Dr. Christian Frühling, Program Head for Project-75I at ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (tkMS), emphasized that their unique AIP solution and proven submarine design would be game-changing for the Indian Navy. The AIP system provides long-range endurance at low speeds, while the Lithium-ion battery enables high-speed cruising, allowing the submarines to cover extensive areas like the Bay of Bengal while remaining submerged.

The hydrogen-powered AIP technology allows the submarines to stay submerged for up to three weeks, significantly reducing the need to surface and enhancing stealth. The 212 and 214 class submarines operate silently, launching torpedoes stealthily and featuring countermeasures against enemy torpedoes. These submarines can also "bottom" on the ocean floor, conserving energy and extending mission duration while using passive sonar to detect targets.

Efficient energy systems are crucial for the Indian Navy, which currently has only 16 conventional submarines against a requirement for 24. Most of these submarines are over 30 years old, making Project-75I a high priority.

AIP-based submarines are more cost-effective and easier to maintain than nuclear-powered ones. They have modular fuel cell systems and smaller crews. The German government, which initially hesitated when the tender was issued three years ago, now supports the project. In March 2024, the German Navy provided its submarine for the Indian Navy's evaluation.

TkMS, confident in its technology, remains the only company with sea-proven fuel-cell-based AIP systems. The 214-class submarines are already in service with Greece, Portugal, Turkey, and South Korea. The Indian Navy, which operates 209-class submarines, has partnered with Mazagon Dockyard Limited (MDL) for repairs and refurbishments. TkMS and MDL jointly produced four submarines for the Indian Navy and are now bidding together for Project-75I.

In Project-75I, the submarines will be built in India from the first unit onward, with TkMS providing design and critical components. MDL will lead the project, with the first submarine expected to be completed seven years from the contract date, followed by one submarine annually.

The field evaluations for Project-75I are set to conclude by June. Spain's Navantia is also competing for the contract but lacks operational AIP technology. Given India's urgent need for advanced submarines to counter China's growing maritime presence, a government-to-government contract to build these submarines in India is a possibility.

Turkey's Hürjet and Anka-III Unmanned Aircraft Conduct Joint Flight, Showcasing Growing Military Prowess

 

In a remarkable display of Turkey's advancing military capabilities, two indigenously developed aircraft—the Hürjet trainer jet and the Anka-III unmanned combat aircraft—recently completed a joint flight.

Local media reports revealed that the ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Aircraft and the HÜRJET, Turkey's first domestically built supersonic jet, flew together. During the test, the aircraft reached an altitude of 7,000 feet, flew at 165 knots, and remained airborne for 50 minutes.

Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) announced on social media platform X (formerly Twitter) that this joint flight marked the ANKA III's eighth sortie and the HÜRJET's 66th. This joint operation could signify the beginning of future collaborations, considering the Hürjet's role as a trainer aircraft and the Anka-III's as an unmanned jet. Analysts note this is significant as TAI plans to integrate manned-unmanned teaming in its next-generation stealth aircraft, 'KAAN', utilizing a data link for coordination.

The Anka-III made its maiden flight last year, following its development initiation in 2022. This medium-altitude UAV, designed for long-endurance surveillance, boasts a 30-hour endurance and can operate at 30,000 feet, covering 250 kilometers. The stealth UCAV, weighing 6.5 tonnes with a payload capacity of 750 kilograms, first flew on December 28, 2023.

The Anka-III is capable of various missions, including electronic warfare, ISR operations, and precision strikes, often overseen by ground stations. Its stealth design aims to withstand combat missions, such as electronic warfare and the suppression of enemy air defenses.

TAI is enhancing Anka-III's capabilities, with plans for a supersonic version featuring two engines, as confirmed by TAI CEO Temel Kotil.

The Hürjet, an advanced jet trainer and light attack aircraft, made its maiden flight on April 23, as announced by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on April 25. The aircraft, which has completed 66 sorties in over a year, gained attention after TAI won a contract to supply light combat aircraft to the Royal Malaysian Air Force, although it lost the tender to South Korea's FA-50.

Despite this setback, Turkey continues its efforts to export the Hürjet, recently entering Spain's tender to replace its F-5 trainer aircraft. Some analysts view the Hürjet as a competitor to Boeing's T-7 Red Hawk, which has faced delays. TAI hopes to market the Hürjet internationally before the T-7.

Hürjet is part of TAI's ambitious projects, including the Anka-III and KAAN fighter jets. The trainer is scheduled for its first overseas flight in Egypt this year, aiming to attract international customers. This recent flight underscores the rapid progress the aircraft has made in just a year.

US Military Expands Stealth Technology for Bombers, AEW&C, and Support Aircraft

 

On May 22, 2024, the US Air Force (USAF) unveiled the first official photos of the B-21 Raider stealth bomber in flight, following its inaugural flight last year. Northrop Grumman, the manufacturer, released additional images showcasing the bomber's takeoff, flight, and presence at Edwards Air Force Base. The B-21 Raider joins the B-2 Spirit as the only active stealth bombers, with China's Xi’an H-20 expected by 2025 and Russia's Tupolev PAK DA by 2027. These aircraft represent the forefront of heavy stealth technology.

Stealth Technology Overview Stealth technology involves integrating various low-observable (LO) technologies to significantly reduce an aircraft's detectability. This includes minimizing radar cross-section (RCS), acoustic signature, thermal imprint, and other detectable attributes. The term "stealth" became widely known in the late 1980s with the F-117 stealth fighter's deployment during the 1991 Gulf War.

Key techniques include tilting or removing vertical stabilizers, applying radar-absorbing materials (RAM) to leading edges, and internalizing weapons and fuel tanks. Advanced materials and coatings, such as dielectric composites and transparent conductors for cockpit canopies, further reduce radar reflections. Placing engines within the wing or fuselage reduces infrared signatures, and passive infrared and low-light TV sensors help maintain stealth by avoiding active emissions.

Operational Use of Stealth Technology Stealth technology saw its first operational use with the F-117 in the Gulf War, later deployed in Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya. Stealth helicopters, like the modified Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk used in the 2011 Osama bin Laden raid, also utilized stealth features. More recent combat applications include the F-22 over Syria and the Israeli F-35I in Syrian and Iranian airspace.

Limitations and Countermeasures Despite its advantages, stealth technology has limitations. Low-frequency radars can detect stealth aircraft, though with reduced accuracy. Infrared search and track (IRST) systems can detect aircraft heat signatures. Stealth design involves trade-offs in aerodynamics, development time, and cost, often requiring larger internal bays and specific maintenance procedures. Additionally, counters to stealth technology continue to evolve.

Stealth Aircraft Developments The B-2 Spirit, produced from 1987 to 2000, remains the only operational stealth bomber, with a wingspan of 172 feet and a maximum takeoff weight of 170,600 kg. The new B-21 Raider, smaller and estimated at $700 million per unit, aims to replace the aging B-2 fleet. The USAF plans to invest $203 billion over 30 years to develop and operate at least 100 B-21s. China's H-20 and Russia's PAK DA are still in development, with limited details available.

Future of Stealth Technology The USAF's plans include stealthy flight refueling aircraft (FRAs) to support closer refueling of stealth fighters and bombers in contested environments. Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works has proposed concepts for stealth tankers, and Boeing's MQ-25 Stingray is in development as a stealth refueling drone.

Stealth AEW&C aircraft, such as the Boeing E-7 Wedgetail, aim to reduce detectability through design modifications. Future stealth initiatives may also encompass cargo and special operations aircraft, with flying wing designs offering potential solutions for stealth transport.

Innovative Stealth Concepts Emerging technologies, such as metasurfaces and plasma stealth, promise further advancements in RCS reduction. Adaptive aero-elastic wings and fluidic controls are also under exploration, though these remain costly and in developmental stages.

Overall, the USAF's investment in stealth technology for various aircraft ensures continued global dominance and operational effectiveness in increasingly contested environments.

China’s J-20 Stealth Fighter Continually Upgraded, New Next-Gen Aircraft Imminent

 Following displays of air power against Taiwan and India, a pilot from the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) announced that the J-20 Mighty Dragon is undergoing continuous upgrades to meet its combat objectives.

The Global Times, a state-owned publication, reported that a top test pilot of the J-20 stealth fighter jet revealed that the aircraft is receiving ongoing upgrades, with a next-generation warplane expected to debut soon. Test pilot Li Gang, speaking on China Central Television (CCTV), stated, "The J-20 is constantly improving, keeping pace with the times, and continuously perfecting its mission system to achieve its expected combat objectives."

Li hinted at the imminent introduction of a new aircraft, though he did not specify its type. China is known to be developing a sixth-generation fighter, similar to the efforts of the US and Europe.

In February 2023, the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) shared a concept for a sixth-generation fighter featuring diamond-shaped wings and a tailless design. However, as reported by EurAsian Times, China is still working on improving basic radar, avionics, and engine technologies.

Chinese commentators emphasized that China would not rest on the success of the J-20 while other nations, like the US, are developing next-generation fighter jets. The US is progressing with the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) system.

While a new Chinese aircraft might be years away, the J-20 has become a key asset for the PLAAF, deployed in all five military theaters. It has been stationed near the contentious border with India and has participated in military drills targeting Taiwan, demonstrating its readiness for future combat scenarios.

Chinese military aviation specialist Fu Qianshao highlighted that China's aviation technologies have advanced rapidly since the J-20's initial test flight. While some have doubted the J-20's stealth capabilities, Fu stressed that it incorporates the latest technologies, including new engines and aerodynamic, avionics, radar, software, and material modifications.

Fu compared the J-20 to the US Air Force's F-22 Raptors, noting that the F-22 has not seen significant updates since its development and is aging. He argued that the J-20 is currently the most advanced fighter jet globally.

Although the F-22 has received upgrades, particularly in the Block 30/35 versions, the J-20's continuous enhancements highlight China's commitment to advancing its stealth fighter capabilities. The J-20's upgrades include potentially increasing its missile capacity, adding thrust-vectoring engine nozzles, and installing higher-thrust WS-15 engines for supercruise capability.

Additionally, a twin-seater J-20 model, possibly for autonomous escort control, is in development. This model might also serve as a tactical electronic jammer and advanced early warning aircraft.

Reports suggest that the J-20 could have an edge over the F-22 due to its ability to carry multiple missiles like the PL-15, which may have a longer range than the US AIM-120 AMRAAM.

As tensions rise between the US and China, the J-20 poses a significant challenge to US air superiority. With around 200 J-20 fighters in service and more in production, the J-20 represents a formidable threat to the US and its allies.

China Rapidly Constructs 10 Type 055 Destroyers in 48 Months, Equipping Each with 112 Missiles

 

In just four years, China's defense industry has impressively built and launched ten advanced Type 055 destroyers, each equipped with 112 vertical launch cells for anti-ship or anti-aircraft missiles. The first of these destroyers was launched in January 2020, with the eighth following by April 2023, averaging 2-3 destroyers per year.

This rapid production pace has not hindered the construction of other naval vessels, such as the Type 054 frigates, which are being built concurrently in shipyards in Shanghai and Guangzhou.

PLAAN's Versatile Asset

The Type 055, a class of guided missile destroyers developed for the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), is among the largest and most advanced surface combatants globally. Designed for air defense, anti-submarine warfare, and surface warfare, it is a versatile addition to the PLAN's fleet.

Technical Specifications

The Type 055 measures approximately 180 meters (590 feet) in length, 20 meters (66 feet) in beam, and has a draft of around 6.6 meters (22 feet), making it significantly larger than many contemporary destroyers. Its combined gas and gas (COGAG) propulsion system includes four QC-280 gas turbines, each generating 28 megawatts, enabling speeds up to 30 knots.

Advanced Features

The destroyer features a stealthy design with a smooth superstructure to minimize radar cross-section, an integrated mast housing various sensors and communication systems, and a hull optimized for hydrodynamic performance. It is equipped with advanced electronic systems, including the Type 346B AESA radar for air and surface search, the Type 518 L-band radar for long-range surveillance, and the H/LJG-346A sonar for anti-submarine warfare.

Extensive Armament

The Type 055's extensive armament includes a 130mm H/PJ-38 main gun, 112 vertical launch system (VLS) cells for firing HHQ-9 surface-to-air missiles, YJ-18 anti-ship missiles, and CJ-10 land-attack cruise missiles. It also features torpedo launchers, close-in weapon systems (CIWS) for point defense, and anti-submarine rockets, making it a well-rounded combat platform.