US Navy to Deploy Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles from Submarines by End of 2024

The US Navy (USN) is set to deploy a torpedo-tube launch-and-recovery (TTL&R) uncrewed underwater vehicle (UUV) capability on an operational submarine for the first time. This deployment will begin by the end of 2024 in the European theatre. Although submarines have previously used UUVs, the TTL&R method simplifies deployment and retrieval, enhancing capabilities and maneuverability in the underwater domain.

Vice Admiral Rob Gaucher, Commander of Submarine Forces, announced at the Naval Leaders' Combined Naval Event 2024 (CNE 24) in Farnborough, UK, that the UUVs would be installed on the USS Delaware in the coming weeks and will be deployed by year's end. The Delaware, a Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarine commissioned in April 2020, is part of the USN's plan to develop a fully integrated SSN-based UUV capability.

Vice Adm Gaucher emphasized the importance of increasing UUV operations within the submarine force and outlined plans to accelerate this development in 2024. The deployment will include an HII REMUS 600 UUV, tested successfully in late 2023 when launched and recovered via the Delaware’s torpedo tube. The US Navy’s regional commanders in Europe will seek exercises and opportunities to test this TTL&R-based UUV capability during the Delaware’s deployment across the Atlantic.

The second successful test of the TTL&R capability occurred on the Delaware in December 2023, following an earlier test in the Pacific. Vice Adm Gaucher highlighted the need to integrate emerging commercial UUV technologies into regular naval operations, stressing the importance of practical experience and trials.

The TTL&R capability, part of the AUKUS (Australia/UK/US) strategic partnership, exemplifies new concepts and technologies being developed under Pillar 2. This development underscores the collaboration between the three navies in advancing subsea and seabed warfare capabilities, with UUVs playing a crucial role in defending underwater infrastructure.

Vice Adm Gaucher concluded by emphasizing the need for more exercises and development to expand uncrewed operations, aiming for exponential growth in the use of uncrewed systems. 

Germany and Spain Compete for Indian Navy Submarine Deal with Advanced AIP Technology

 

The Indian Navy's pursuit of fuel cell-based Air Independent Propulsion (AIP)-equipped conventional submarines is moving forward, albeit slowly. Currently, the Navy is evaluating two submarines for its advanced diesel-electric submarine needs, but only one has proven and validated technology. The Indian Navy is conducting field evaluation trials of the AIP technology developed by Spanish shipbuilder Navantia at Cartagena.

This technology has yet to be integrated into the S80 submarine offered to the Indian Navy, although a submarine of this class has already been inducted into the Spanish Navy without AIP technology. Navantia claims that its submarine design meets 'almost' all technical requirements of the P-75I without needing redesign.

Navantia's AIP system for the S80 produces over 300 kW of power, which can be directly applied to P75(I) without scaling up, thus reducing major risks for the Indian Navy. Factory testing of the AIP technology has been completed, simulating actual submarine mission conditions at the Cartagena Shipyard.

Navantia states that the S80 offered to the Indian Navy incorporates the latest technologies, such as Generation BEST AIP (Bio-ethanol Stealth Technology) and an advanced sensor suite. This third-generation AIP system uses hydrogen produced on board from bioethanol instead of stored hydrogen, allowing submarines to sail for up to three weeks submerged with minimal detectable signatures.

The Indian Navy also requires AIP technology combined with Lithium-ion batteries, enabling submarines to operate at high speeds without compromising their position. Navantia and its Indian partner, Larsen and Toubro (L&T), are not collaborating with another partner for proven Lithium-ion battery technology for this project.

Navantia's first submarine equipped with AIP BEST technology is expected to be operational by 2026. However, experts estimate that the AIP system will be ready for operational deployment in about three years, pending further laboratory tests and simulations.

Another submarine under consideration by India is already proven and used by several frontline navies. Recently, a submarine from this class completed a rare voyage under the Arctic ice. This submarine, the Arpão (S161), built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in Germany, is based on the export-optimized Type 214 design.

ThyssenKrupp has offered India its 214-class submarines, which combine advanced technologies from the 212 CD submarines with the latest AIP developments. These submarines, tailored to the Indian Navy's requirements, will feature Lithium-ion batteries, advanced sensor and combat systems, and enhanced stealth capabilities.

The 212 and 214-class submarines' AIP technology, powered by hydrogen fuel cells, allows for extended submerged operations and silent running, enhancing stealth. These submarines can operate silently, launch torpedoes stealthily, and have countermeasures against torpedoes, providing increased operational flexibility.

The Indian Navy is currently strengthening its undersea fleet, as evidenced by a recent exercise in the Arabian Sea involving eight submarines. Despite challenges such as dwindling fleet numbers and aging submarines, the Navy is pushing forward with plans to build six more conventional diesel submarines under Project-75 I.

However, the Chinese Navy's rapid expansion poses a significant challenge. China has been continuously deploying at least one nuclear-armed submarine at sea and is providing advanced submarine technology to Pakistan. In response, the Indian Navy is enhancing its capabilities to maintain strategic balance in the region.

The Indian Navy's adoption of AIP technology will enhance its fleet's capabilities, putting it in a better position against regional threats. While the Navy considers whether to proceed with proven technology or wait for the deployment of Navantia's AIP BEST technology on an operational submarine, the decision will significantly impact India's undersea defense strategy.

Russian Navy Demonstrates Submarine Strength with Baltic Sea Training Exercises Amidst Rising NATO Tensions

 Despite the challenges of the Ukraine War, the Russian Navy continues to demonstrate its strength through its submarine fleet. Recently, the submarines "Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" participated in a training exercise in the Baltic Sea, as reported by the state news agency TASS. The Russian Navy announced that the diesel-electric submarines showcased their capabilities during this exercise. The press release stated: “In the Baltic Sea, after anti-submarine exercises, the ‘Novorossiysk’ crew performed a torpedo attack using practice ammunition [without a warhead].”

During the exercise, the submarines engaged in combat scenarios against each other, practicing maneuvers to evade enemy attacks and enhance intra-ship operations during both training and combat tasks. The crews also conducted drills to detect and track submarines representing a hypothetical enemy. After the torpedo-launching exercise, the submariners continued their planned combat training in the Baltic Sea.

These drills are critical due to the increasing tensions between Russia and NATO in the Baltic region. Recently, Russia attempted to alter the maritime border in the eastern Baltic Sea, escalating tensions with NATO, though the plan was later retracted.

 Commons Russia uses its submarines to project power and send messages to its rivals. This was evident when Russia's nuclear-powered submarine Kazan, along with other ships, conducted a military drill in the Caribbean and approached the US coast. During its journey from Norway to Cuba, the Russian group, led by the frigate Admiral Gorshkov equipped with Zircon hypersonic missiles, was closely monitored by a NATO P-8 ‘Poseidon’ anti-submarine aircraft. The submarine was also spotted near Scotland’s west coast en route to Cuba, near the HM Naval Base Clyde at Faslane, home to the UK’s nuclear submarines and other Royal Navy ships.

Western nations, including the United States, dismissed concerns about the nearby Russian submarine, though its close presence raised fears of potential espionage. This port visit occurred as the U.S. closely monitored rising tensions in the Ukraine-Russia conflict, with NATO increasing its involvement. The mere 90-mile gap between Cuba and the U.S. did not help ease these fears.

"Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" are significant submarines in the Russian naval fleet, each with unique features. "Novorossiysk" is part of the Project 636.3 Varshavyanka-class (Improved Kilo-class) submarines, while "Dmitrov" belongs to the older Project 877 Paltus (Kilo-class) submarines. Both are diesel-electric attack submarines but differ in size, technology, and weaponry.

"Novorossiysk" measures about 73.8 meters (242 feet) in length, with a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet), displacing around 3,950 tons when submerged. It is powered by two diesel generators and an electric motor, allowing speeds up to 20 knots underwater and 17 knots on the surface. Its operational depth is around 300 meters (984 feet) with a maximum depth of 400 meters (1,312 feet). The submarine is equipped with advanced sonar, including the MGK-400EM sonar suite, modern navigation and combat systems, and carries various weapons, such as 18 torpedoes and Kalibr cruise missiles launched from six 533mm torpedo tubes.

"Dmitrov" is slightly smaller, measuring 72.6 meters (238 feet) in length, with a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet), displacing about 3,076 tons when submerged. It is also powered by two diesel generators and an electric motor, allowing speeds of up to 17 knots underwater and 10 knots on the surface. It operates at depths of around 240 meters (787 feet) and can go as deep as 300 meters (984 feet). While "Dmitrov" has good sensors and combat systems, it lacks the ability to launch cruise missiles like "Novorossiysk," limiting its modern combat capabilities.

In summary, both "Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" are diesel-electric attack submarines, with "Novorossiysk" being more modern and powerful due to its advanced sonar, navigation, and combat systems, as well as the ability to launch Kalibr cruise missiles. "Dmitrov" is smaller and older but still capable, with reliable sonar and torpedoes. These differences illustrate the evolution of Russian submarine technology and the distinct roles these submarines play in the navy.

Russia's Submarine Blunder: Kazan's Sonar Signature Compromised Near Cuba

 After the Russian Yasen-class submarine, Kazan, made an appearance in Cuba, initial excitement about its proximity to the US turned into regret among Russian experts. According to the Russian site Top War, this move is seen as a significant blunder, with Americans already mocking Russia. The site criticizes the decision, noting that sending the submarine into the American anti-submarine zone compromised its stealth advantage.

In Cuba, crowds gathered to see the Kazan up close, but this exposure meant the US and NATO could now detect the submarine more easily. The Atlantic is heavily monitored by American and NATO forces, using advanced detection systems in key areas like the Barents and Norwegian Seas, the Faroe-Icelandic Gap, and the Davis Strait. These systems, combined with sophisticated patrol aviation, make it nearly impossible for a Russian submarine to enter the Atlantic undetected.

Submarines are primarily detected through passive noise direction finding and active sonar methods. Passive systems pick up on low-frequency sounds, while active sonar involves sending out a signal that bounces off the submarine and returns to the receiver. Modern ships enhance detection capabilities with low-frequency emitters and towed sonar stations, making it hard for submarines to remain hidden.

However, detecting a submarine with another submarine is more complex, as Russian submarines have very low noise levels in stealth mode. Identifying an underwater target’s unique acoustic signature can help isolate it from background noise, crucial for long-distance detection.

Previously, the US lacked detailed acoustic data on the Kazan. But after its exposure near Cuba, advanced computer systems recorded its acoustic signature, allowing the US to identify and track it more efficiently. This shift in detection methods significantly disadvantages Russia in terms of submarine stealth capabilities.

The potential implications are severe. The US could launch a nuclear strike against Russia or China with minimal retaliation risk if they can neutralize Russian strategic submarines. This was demonstrated in June 2023, showing the importance of disabling Russia’s submarine fleet to prevent a retaliatory strike. Russian submarines often operate under the ice, complicating detection, but a detailed sonar signature would allow American submarines to locate and target them from a safe distance, even in challenging environments.

Why the U.S. Navy Avoided Building Titanium Submarines While Russia Embraced Them

 

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union ventured into using titanium for submarine hulls, beginning with the Project 705 Lira. Titanium's low density, high strength, and corrosion resistance allowed the Lira to achieve high speeds and deep dives. Despite these advantages, titanium posed significant challenges in sourcing and welding, making it a difficult material to work with.

The Cold War era saw rapid advancements in military technology, with both superpowers heavily investing in weapons development. This period of innovation extended to materials science, leading to the development of advanced materials like radar-absorbent coatings and sophisticated tank armor. The Soviet Union's use of titanium for submarine hulls was part of this trend.

Before the 1960s, titanium had never been used for submarine hulls due to its difficulty in sourcing and welding. Steel was the standard material, being easier to obtain and work with. However, titanium's properties—low density, high strength, and resistance to corrosion—were appealing for creating fast and durable submarines.

The Soviets began using titanium for their submarines with the Project 705 Lira. The Lira was designed to be fast, stealthy, and maneuverable, with minimal displacement and crew. Titanium was crucial in meeting these demanding specifications. The original Lira prototype, weighing just 1,500 tons, could achieve speeds over 40 knots, making it one of the fastest submarines of its time.

The Lira featured a titanium hull and a new lead-cooled reactor, allowing it to dive and turn quickly. However, the Soviets soon discovered the drawbacks of working with titanium. Welding titanium was complex, with a small margin for error; any mistake could make the material brittle and weak.

During the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union often mirrored each other's innovations. If one superpower developed a new technology, the other would rush to create a counterpart. However, the U.S. Navy chose not to follow the Soviet Union's lead in building titanium submarines.

Despite recognizing the power, speed, and stealth of the Lira-class submarines, the U.S. Navy decided that the effort and cost of using titanium were not justified. Titanium is rare, costly, and difficult to shape. Mistakes in welding could compromise the submarine's safety during deep dives. Ultimately, the U.S. determined that the challenges outweighed the benefits, showcasing a rare instance of restraint in Cold War-era weapons development. 

While the Soviet Union embraced titanium for its submarine hulls, the U.S. Navy opted out due to the material's complexities and high costs. This decision highlights a strategic choice to prioritize practicality and safety over potential advantages, marking a notable moment of caution in the otherwise competitive landscape of Cold War military innovation.

Can Russia's Navy Achieve its Goal of 50 New Ships in 2024?

 

The Russian Navy is projected to receive around 50 ships of various classes this year, a significant increase from the 32 delivered last year, as stated by the deputy minister of industry and trade. This announcement comes amid ongoing military actions in Ukraine, where Ukrainian forces have damaged or destroyed several Russian naval vessels.

In a June 9 interview with state-owned Zvezda TV, Deputy Minister Viktor Yevtukhov shared this forecast. Over the past decade, the Ministry of Industry and Trade reports that the Navy has received 40 surface ships and 24 submarines.

In 2023, the Navy received three submarines: the Borei-A-class Emperor Alexander III, the Yasen-class Krasnoyarsk, and the Kilo-class Mozhaysk. Additionally, the Navy acquired seven surface ships: the frigate Admiral Golovko, corvettes Merkury and Rezkiy, missile ships Cyclone and Naro-Fominsk, the minesweeper Lev Chernavin, and the refurbished frigate Neustrashimy.

For this year, the Navy is expected to receive four submarines and 12 surface ships, along with a variety of support vessels such as tug boats, bulk carriers, training vessels, hydrographic vessels, rescue ships, supply vessels, and other small boats, according to Pavel Luzin from the Washington-based Center for European Policy Analysis.

Yevtukhov attributed the anticipated delivery surge to successful efforts in finding replacements for components blocked by international sanctions. Sergey Smyslov, an independent analyst with experience in Russia’s defense sector, noted that domestic organizations are now producing these substitute components. While these replacements may not be of the highest quality and require additional development time, they meet the minimum necessary requirements.

However, Luzin pointed out that using outdated or low-quality technology affects the reliability of the final products. Despite this, a source in Russia’s naval industry mentioned that the Defence Ministry is generally satisfied with submarine construction but highlighted persistent issues with surface ship production, including frequent delivery delays.

Emma Rayman, a politician from St. Petersburg, cited financial constraints as a major problem affecting the speed and scale of naval construction. For instance, the Severnaya Verf shipyard's transfer of the frigate Admiral Isakov, originally scheduled for 2022, is now delayed to December 2025. Similarly, the corvette Provorny, initially expected by the end of 2022, is now slated for 2025 due to fire damage. Two Steregushchiy-class corvettes expected in 2018 saw only one delivered in 2023.

Other shipyards have also faced setbacks. Admiralty Shipyards, expected to deliver a patrol ship in 2020, now plans to complete it this year. Yantar Shipyard’s delivery of the large landing ships Vladimir Andreev and Vasily Trushin, initially set for 2023-2024, has been postponed to 2025-2026. Vostochnaya Shipyard’s construction of two Karakurt-class corvettes and a small tanker has been taken over by Amur Shipbuilding Plant due to financial issues.

Rayman and Luzin both noted a shortage of engineers and specialists in the domestic shipbuilding industry, further hindering construction efforts and leaving a lack of personnel to crew the ships.

USS Helena and Canadian Navy Patrol Ship Arrive in Cuba Amid Russian Naval Presence

 

The USS Helena, a high-speed attack submarine, has docked at Guantanamo Bay, as announced by the U.S. Southern Command on the social network X. This move coincides with Russian Navy ships visiting Cuba.

“The fast attack submarine USS Helena is currently at Guantanamo Bay as part of a routine visit. This area falls within the U.S. Southern Command’s jurisdiction. […] The location and transit of the ship were planned in advance,” states the official release.

However, the Associated Press suggests that the USS Helena’s arrival serves as a “show of force” amid the Russian warships’ presence. Additional US Navy ships are monitoring the Russian vessels, which, according to Pentagon officials, do not pose a threat to the United States.

On June 12, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that its naval fleet, including the frigate “Admiral Gorshkov,” the nuclear-powered submarine “Kazan,” the medium sea tanker “Akademik Pashin,” and the rescue tug “Nikolay Chiker,” had completed high-precision weapons exercises and arrived at the port of Havana. These vessels will remain in Havana until June 17.

Social media buzzed with the phrase “The hunt is on!” alongside screenshots from global air traffic monitoring apps, highlighting areas off the southern coast of the United States. Following the arrival of the Russian Northern Fleet in Cuba, the U.S. Navy deployed P-8 Poseidon “submarine hunter” aircraft on June 10 and 11 to search for a rogue Russian submarine reportedly 66 miles off the coast of Florida.

American experts noted close cooperation with the Royal Canadian Navy in search operations, with Ottawa deploying Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft to complement the American P-8 Poseidons. Screenshots from air traffic tracking apps revealed these planes circling within a specific quadrant, conducting search missions. Official details on the outcome of this Canadian-American naval search are still pending.

The USS Helena [SSN-725], a Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, has been in service since 1987. It measures 360 feet in length, 33 feet in beam width, and has a draft of approximately 32 feet. Powered by a single S6G nuclear reactor, the USS Helena can achieve submerged speeds of over 25 knots. The submarine's crew consists of about 140 individuals, including officers and enlisted sailors.

The USS Helena features advanced systems for detection, navigation, electronic warfare, and communication. Its firepower includes 12 vertical launch system [VLS] tubes for Tomahawk cruise missiles and four 21-inch [533 mm] torpedo tubes capable of firing Mk-48 torpedoes. The submarine's nuclear propulsion provides a virtually unlimited operational range, limited primarily by factors such as food supplies and crew endurance.

Meanwhile, a Canadian navy patrol ship, the Margaret Brooke, arrived in Havana on Friday, just hours after the USS Helena docked at Guantanamo. This convergence of Russian, Canadian, and U.S. vessels in Cuba—located just 160 km (100 miles) from Florida—recalls Cold War tensions and highlights current strained ties over the Ukraine war. However, both the U.S. and Cuba have stated that the Russian warships pose no threat to the region, with Russia describing their arrival as routine.

The Admiral Gorshkov frigate and the nuclear-powered submarine Kazan, part of Russia's naval fleet, arrived in Havana harbor on Wednesday after conducting missile training in the Atlantic Ocean. Canada’s Margaret Brooke patrol vessel began maneuvers in Havana harbor, with Canadian officials describing the visit as routine and unrelated to the Russian ships' presence.

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova questioned the West’s concern over the warships, noting that diplomatic signals from Russia often go unnoticed by Western nations.

The Russian warships are expected to remain in Havana harbor until June 17.

USS Connecticut Submarine Accident Highlights Detection Vulnerabilities in South China Sea

 

The USS Connecticut, a Seawolf-class nuclear attack submarine, encountered a significant mishap during a classified mission in October 2021, revealing vulnerabilities despite its advanced stealth technology. This incident, which took place in the South China Sea (SCS), led to extensive investigations aiming to uncover the reasons behind the accident.

On the fateful day, the USS Connecticut struck a seamount while cruising at high speed in the northern SCS, tarnishing the reputation of one of the US Navy's most powerful and expensive submarines. The incident prompted calls for a thorough investigation, especially given China's criticism of the US's opaqueness and irresponsibility regarding the event's specifics.

A recent Chinese study, led by engineer Li Yuhang of the 713th Research Institute of China State Shipbuilding Corporation, provided new insights. The researchers used real-world data from Chinese sensors in the SCS to examine water surface wakes. Published in the Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics on May 27, the study found that submarines like the SSN-22, traveling at depths of 100 meters and speeds over 20 knots, can create detectable surface ripples, potentially revealing their position.

This groundbreaking finding challenged previous assumptions about modern submarine invincibility and highlighted the delicate balance of power in the region. The study's results were the first to use real SCS data to systematically analyze the water surface response to submarine movement.

The US Navy's investigation into the accident identified multiple failures in navigation planning, execution, and risk management as the cause. The investigation revealed that the USS Connecticut’s navigation review team had failed to identify and mark at least ten underwater hazards and had incorrectly assessed the operating area as open. This led to a significant period of inactivity for the submarine due to damage, with eleven sailors sustaining minor injuries.

The incident also reignited US-China tensions over territorial claims in the South China Sea. On October 2, 2021, the USS Connecticut struck an object in international waters during China's National Day celebrations, coinciding with heightened military drills by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) near Taiwan. The PLA's air activity saw a significant increase, escalating tensions further.

Technological advancements in wake detection have also played a role in understanding the incident. Recent progress in AI and anti-submarine radar technology, including the development of a 6G radar capable of detecting minute submarine ripples, has improved the ability to locate submarines. Chinese researchers reported a 96 percent accuracy rate in detecting submarine wakes using AI, highlighting the growing sophistication of detection systems.

In conclusion, the USS Connecticut's collision has underscored the evolving dynamics of undersea warfare, where stealth alone is no longer sufficient. The incident has marked a significant moment in the race for technological superiority in the challenging environment of the South China Sea, influencing the future of submarine operations.

Russian Kazan Submarine Conducts Military Drills Near US Waters Amid Rising Tensions

The Russian missile frigate Admiral Gorshkov and the nuclear-powered Yasen-class cruise missile submarine Kazan recently conducted military exercises near Cuba, signaling to the West amid escalating tensions. The Russian Ministry of Defense announced on June 11 that these vessels were practicing the use of high-precision missile weapons in the Atlantic Ocean.

According to the Ministry, the tactical strike group, comprising the Kazan submarine and the Admiral Gorshkov frigate from the Northern Fleet, performed exercises targeting marine enemies over 600 kilometers away using computer simulations.

These drills coincided with Russia starting the second phase of tactical nuclear exercises with Belarus. Russian state media emphasized these maneuvers as a demonstration of Russia's global influence, countering Western views of its waning power. Reports indicate that the Russian flotilla was monitored by US and allied forces as it moved towards the Caribbean, at times nearing 30-90 miles from Florida.

The Russian vessels were welcomed in Cuba on June 12 for naval exercises set to last until June 17, emphasizing the historical friendship between the two nations. Despite the nuclear capabilities of these ships, Cuba clarified that they would not be armed with nuclear weapons during their stay. The US has stated that these exercises pose no direct threat.

This is not the first instance of Russian-Cuban military collaboration, with annual drills occurring from 2013 to 2020. Analysts note that the presence of the Kazan submarine, known for its stealth, could increase tensions despite US assurances. The Yasen-class submarines, including Kazan, are among the quietest and most sophisticated in the world, enhancing Russia’s defensive and deterrence capabilities.

Kazan, a Yasen-class submarine, is praised for its advanced technology and quiet operation, rivaling the US's modern submarine fleet. Designed by the Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau and built by Sevmash Shipyard, the 13,800-ton vessel features a quieter nuclear reactor, additional sensors, and new quieting technologies. It is capable of carrying a range of missiles, including hypersonic ones, and can target enemy submarines, ships, ports, and naval bases.

US officials have acknowledged the increasing deployment of these submarines near US waters. Gen. Glen VanHerc of USNORTHCOM noted that Russia's Yasen-class submarines have been operating more frequently in both the Atlantic and the Pacific, posing a growing threat.

While the current exercises with Cuba are downplayed by US officials, military analysts express concerns about potential electronic warfare and intelligence gathering by hostile submarines. The deployment of Yasen-class submarines like Kazan in strategic locations could pose significant risks to the security of the US and its allies in Europe. 

Pakistan's Potential Nuclear Submarine Program Challenges Indian Naval Strategy

 Pakistan is considering enhancing its naval capabilities by equipping its under-construction Chinese submarines with nuclear-tipped missiles, potentially altering the strategic balance for the Indian Navy.

Delays due to fiscal constraints had postponed the acquisition of S-26 Hangor class submarines from China. Initially expected by the end of 2023, the first of these Yuan-class submarines was launched in May 2024.

Once eight of these submarines, equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), join the Pakistan Navy, they will significantly boost the country’s offensive sea denial strategy, which emphasizes the use of submarines and missile-carrying maritime patrol aircraft. Expected to be operational by the late 2020s and early 2030s, the addition will increase the number of AIP-equipped submarines in the Pakistan Navy to 11.

Recent reports suggest that the Hangor class may not be a purely conventional attack submarine. Retired Pakistani naval officers have discussed on state television that Islamabad is aiming for an “assured” second-strike capability.

According to a Quwa report, Vice Admiral Ahmed Saeed and Rear Admiral Saleem Akhtar, both retired officials, talked about acquiring Hangor-class submarines from China. Saeed suggested these submarines would be a "hybrid," balancing conventional attack capabilities with nuclear potential.

While retrofitting the Hangor class with nuclear reactors is unlikely, Pakistan could deploy Tactical Nuclear Warheads (TNWs) on these submarines. Building nuclear-powered submarines is costly and complex, as noted by retired Commodore Anil Jai Singh, making it improbable even with Chinese assistance.

Pakistan has been developing TNWs since its first nuclear test in 1998. These smaller, portable weapons are designed for battlefield use rather than as strategic deterrents. The Hangor-class submarines will likely use a variant of the Babur-3 Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM), first tested in 2018 with a range of 450 km. The Babur-3 is a critical component of Pakistan’s “credible second-strike capability,” according to the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR).

Vice Admiral Saeed emphasized that while the Hangor class is not a dedicated nuclear platform, the Pakistan Navy seeks to fire nuclear weapons from the sea, potentially requiring just one or two dedicated submarines. However, the Hangor class would primarily manage conventional roles and only strategic duties part-time.

Commodore Singh expressed doubts about the effectiveness of a single nuclear-armed submarine in the Pakistan Navy. He suggested that China might lease one to Pakistan in the future, but this remains uncertain.

Indian Navy's Concerns

While Pakistan cannot independently design and develop a nuclear-powered submarine, it may be exploring the possibility as part of a long-term strategy. China's support in arming Pakistan with such a submarine would challenge the Indian Navy’s dominance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). China has already been supplying submarines to Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Myanmar, creating a competitive underwater environment in the IOR.

Retired Captain Anurag Bisen highlighted that a Pakistani submarine armed with TNWs would constrain the Indian Navy's deployment of its aircraft carriers until the submarine is accounted for.

India has been adopting a flexible deterrence approach against China and Pakistan. In March, New Delhi successfully tested the long-range ballistic missile Agni-V, featuring Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, enhancing the survivability of its nuclear missiles.

Despite the potential threat from TNWs, Commodore Singh remains optimistic, questioning whether Pakistan has considered India's likely retaliation, as stated in its nuclear doctrine. Using TNWs is complicated and risky, making their actual deployment a significant gamble for Pakistan.

US P-8 Poseidon Searches for Russian Submarine Near Florida Amid Rising Tensions

 "The hunt is on!" exclaimed internet users, as a screenshot from a global air traffic monitoring app highlighted activity off the southern coast of the United States. The Russian Navy has dispatched carriers of hypersonic Zircon and Kalibr missiles to Cuba, prompting close surveillance from the Pentagon. A key element of this deployment is the Yasen-M-class nuclear submarine Kazan.

In response, the U.S. Navy recently launched a P-8 Poseidon "submarine hunter" aircraft. Reports from the U.S. Civil Defense News X account indicated that this aircraft was searching for the Kazan, which is positioned 66 miles off the Florida coast and equipped with 4,500-km-range Kalibr-M missiles. This situation has been likened to a new Cuban Missile Crisis.

The U.S. Navy is collaborating with the Royal Canadian Navy in this search effort. To bolster the mission, Canada has deployed its Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft to work alongside the American P-8 Poseidon. Screenshots from air traffic tracking apps show these aircraft operating in specific areas, flying in circles to conduct their search. Official results of this operation have not yet been disclosed.

Previously, BulgarianMilitary.com reported that the Russian Navy’s frigate Admiral Gorshkov, along with the nuclear submarine Kazan, a tanker, and a tugboat, might have already arrived in Cuba. This display of power, including the deployment of Zircon missiles, is seen as a provocative move that could unsettle the U.S.

The U.S. response has been cautious but vigilant. Despite the proximity of Russia’s advanced vessels to the U.S. fleet, the situation remains tense. Analysts suggest that Russia's deployment of Zircon missile launchers to Cuba is a strategic move to gauge the response from Cuba and other allies. Although Cuba has maintained a neutral stance on Russia’s actions in Ukraine, this deployment could influence the island nation.

The Kazan, a Yasen-M-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine, represents an advanced iteration of the original Yasen class with numerous technological upgrades. Measuring approximately 139 meters in length and 13 meters in beam, the Kazan is a formidable presence. Its nuclear propulsion system, powered by a single OK-650V reactor, allows for high speeds and extended operational ranges without frequent refueling. The submarine can dive to depths of around 600 meters and displaces approximately 13,800 tons when submerged, reflecting its robust construction and extensive armament.

With a crew of about 90 officers and enlisted personnel, the Kazan's missions include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, and land-attack operations. It is equipped with advanced sonar arrays, electronic warfare systems, and integrated combat management systems, enhancing its situational awareness and combat effectiveness. The Kazan carries a range of weapons, including torpedoes and cruise missiles like Kalibr and Oniks, capable of striking sea and land targets with high precision.

The U.S. deployment of P-8 Poseidon and P-3 Orion aircraft off the coast of Florida is a strategic move to search for underwater threats. Both aircraft use advanced sonar systems, including active and passive sonar, to detect submarines. They deploy sonobuoys, small expendable sonar systems, to gather data transmitted back to the aircraft for analysis. Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) and electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems further enhance their detection capabilities. The P-8 Poseidon, equipped with advanced electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) cameras, can visually detect submarines near the surface. Data fusion and sophisticated algorithms integrate information from multiple sensors to accurately identify and track submarines in complex environments.

US Navy Enhances Sea-Based Nuclear Deterrence Amid China Tensions

 

The United States is boosting its nuclear deterrence by developing sea-based nuclear cruise missiles to counter threats from China and Russia. This initiative comes as tensions with these adversaries escalate.

Currently, the U.S. nuclear triad includes land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), air-launched cruise missiles, and sea-based weapons. However, the Pentagon is now focusing on enhancing its sea-based nuclear capabilities to ensure a reliable second-strike option, crucial if land-based and air-launched systems are compromised in a first strike.

Navy Vice Adm. Johnny R. Wolfe Jr., Director for Strategic Systems, testified before the Senate Armed Services strategic forces subcommittee, emphasizing the deterrent role of ballistic missile submarines, which remain on alert and undetectable. This capability ensures the U.S. can retaliate effectively if attacked.

Alongside Air Force Gen. Thomas A. Bussiere, Commander of Air Force Global Strike Command, Vice Adm. Wolfe detailed the modernization efforts of the Navy's nuclear triad, highlighting the new sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM-N). This missile is designed to be launched from attack submarines and surface vessels, rather than just ballistic missile submarines.

Wolfe pointed out the challenges of reviving the industrial base needed for SLCM-N production and the significant investments required for concurrent nuclear modernization programs. The SLCM-N aims to counter the expanding nuclear arsenals of Russia and China, with Russia possessing nearly a thousand tactical nuclear weapons and China having around 500 nuclear warheads.

A previous Pentagon report noted that China's Jin-class ballistic missile submarines, equipped with JL-3 missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, are conducting near-continuous patrols in the South China Sea, posing a significant threat to U.S. security.

The introduction of the SLCM-N marks the first new U.S. nuclear weapon since the end of the Cold War, signaling to adversaries that the U.S. remains capable of responding to any nuclear threat. This development is essential for maintaining strategic stability and deterring potential nuclear attacks.

Vice Adm. Wolfe stressed the need for investments in infrastructure, human capital, and the industrial base to achieve nuclear modernization. He highlighted the necessity of balancing the SLCM-N program with ongoing Navy initiatives and the importance of continued support from Congress to deliver a reliable sea-based strategic deterrent capability.

As the U.S. transitions from Ohio-class to Columbia-class submarines, maintaining the current missile inventory and ensuring a seamless transition between the classes are critical priorities.

Sen. Deb Fischer emphasized the need for diverse deterrence options, and Wolfe concurred, noting that nuclear modernization requires careful planning and time to balance various operational needs and strategic goals.

U.S. Navy to Commission SSN New Jersey: A Strategic Boost Amidst Rising Tensions

On April 6, the U.S. Navy will commission the SSN New Jersey, a Virginia-class fast-attack submarine, marking a significant addition to its submarine fleet. The commissioning ceremony will take place at Naval Weapons Station Earle (NWSE) in Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Commissioner Susan M. Kiley, liaison to the Office on Veteran Services, noted that the USS New Jersey, also known as Pre-Commission Unit 796, is the third naval vessel named after the state of New Jersey. The submarine, officially designated as SSN 796, comes with a hefty price tag of approximately $3.5 billion.

The Virginia-class submarines, designed to remain operational until the 2070s, boast advanced weapons systems and nuclear-powered capabilities, enabling extended operations without refueling. A simulated wargame conducted by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) highlighted the effectiveness of submarines like the Virginia class in countering potential threats, particularly from China.

With the USS New Jersey's deployment, the U.S. Navy aims to enhance its strategic capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region, where tensions are on the rise. Equipped with sophisticated weaponry and stealth capabilities, the Virginia-class submarines remain among the deadliest assets in the Navy's arsenal.

However, challenges lie ahead in meeting production targets, given the strain on naval shipyards and commitments under international partnerships like AUKUS. Despite these challenges, the U.S. remains committed to bolstering its submarine fleet to maintain strategic superiority.

As the USS New Jersey joins the fleet, it underscores the Navy's ongoing efforts to modernize its capabilities and adapt to evolving security threats worldwide. 

US Navy Ship Programs Grapple with Years-Long Delays Amid Workforce and Supply Challenges

 In a significant setback for the U.S. Navy's shipbuilding programs, several key projects are facing delays ranging from one to three years due to a myriad of workforce and management issues within the industry.

Following a 45-day review prompted by delays in the guided-missile frigate program, the Navy discovered significant setbacks in its shipbuilding portfolio. The delays affect critical projects such as the Virginia-class attack submarine construction and the Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine, prompting Navy Secretary Carlos Del Toro to order an assessment of the underlying causes and potential solutions.

Key findings from the review revealed that the first Columbia-class SSBN is projected to deliver 12 to 16 months later than its contractual date, raising concerns about meeting deployment requirements. The Virginia-class submarines are also facing substantial delays, with the Block IV boats running 36 months behind schedule.

Supply chain disruptions and workforce shortages, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, have further complicated matters. The future Enterprise aircraft carrier, CVN-80, is expected to deliver 18 to 26 months late, primarily due to delays from key suppliers.

Additionally, the first Constellation frigate is facing a 36-month delay, attributed to management challenges and workforce issues at Fincantieri’s Marinette Marine shipyard.

The review highlighted the need for strategic investments in the workforce and supply chain as national assets. It also emphasized the importance of reevaluating risk-sharing arrangements between the government and shipbuilders in future contracts.

Addressing these challenges will require a concerted effort to strengthen workforce capabilities, enhance oversight in the design process, and ensure timely procurement of materials. Failure to address these issues could further prolong delays and jeopardize the Navy's readiness and operational capabilities.