Canada Initiates Acquisition of Up to 12 New Submarines for Arctic Defense

 

Canada is initiating the acquisition of up to 12 new conventionally-powered submarines capable of operating under ice. This move, announced by Defence Minister Bill Blair, marks the first step in engaging the industry for this significant defense project.

Given Canada's vast coastline, maintaining robust underwater surveillance is vital for national security and sovereignty. The updated defense policy, "Our North, Strong and Free," highlights the increasing accessibility of the Arctic due to climate change, which is making the region more attractive to foreign actors with military ambitions. By 2050, the Arctic Ocean may become a major shipping route between Europe and East Asia.

The Arctic's growing accessibility has led to increased activity from global competitors seeking access to natural resources and transportation routes. Russian submarines are active in the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific Oceans, while China is rapidly expanding its underwater fleet.

In response to these challenges, the Canadian government is committed to renewing and expanding its submarine fleet. The current fleet of four Victoria-class submarines is aging and costly to maintain. A modern fleet is essential to protect Canada's sovereignty from emerging threats.

Minister Blair announced that Canada is taking the first step in procuring up to 12 new submarines, starting with formal industry engagement. This initiative, part of the Canadian Patrol Submarine Project (CPSP), aims to acquire a larger, modernized fleet to enhance the Royal Canadian Navy's ability to detect and deter maritime threats, control maritime approaches, project power, and maintain a persistent deterrent across all three coasts.

The Department of National Defence is meeting with manufacturers and potential partners as part of the CPSP. A formal Request for Information (RFI) will be posted in fall 2024 to gather information on procurement, construction, delivery, and operational capabilities. This RFI will also explore establishing a submarine sustainment capability in Canada, fostering strategic partnerships for personnel training and information sharing.

Canada's new submarines must meet key requirements, including stealth, lethality, persistence, and Arctic deployability. These capabilities will ensure Canada can effectively detect, track, deter, and, if necessary, defeat adversaries in all three oceans while supporting allies globally.

The procurement of up to 12 submarines is essential for defending Canada's three coasts. The federal government is eager to collaborate with industry to deliver world-class submarines.

“As the country with the longest coastline in the world, Canada needs a new fleet of submarines,” said Minister Blair. “This new fleet will protect our sovereignty and contribute significantly to the security of our partners and NATO Allies.”

The Arctic region is becoming more accessible, leading to increased Russian and Chinese activity. In response, the Canadian government has committed $8.1 billion over five years and $73 billion over 20 years for new defense spending, which includes renewing the submarine fleet, acquiring vehicles for icy terrains, enhancing patrol vessels, and other key defense upgrades. Canada’s current fleet of Victoria-class submarines, purchased from the UK in 1998, will be modernized into the mid-to-late 2030s.

Biden Announces New Air Defense Support for Ukraine at NATO Summit

 

At the NATO summit marking the alliance's 75th anniversary, President Joe Biden announced a new agreement with four countries to supply additional air defense systems to Ukraine, a crucial need as Kyiv defends against Russian missile attacks.

Speaking from the historic Mellon Auditorium in Washington, D.C., where the original North Atlantic Treaty was signed, Biden described the agreement as a “historic donation of air defense equipment for Ukraine.” He detailed that the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Romania, and Italy will provide Ukraine with equipment for five additional strategic air defense systems over the next few months.

“The United States and our partners intend to provide Ukraine with dozens of additional tactical air defense systems,” Biden added. The U.S., Germany, and Romania will supply additional Patriot batteries, the Netherlands will contribute Patriot components, and Italy will donate a SAMP-T system.

The five countries stated they are working on a “further announcement this year of additional strategic air defense systems for Ukraine.” They also plan to supply Ukraine with numerous tactical air defense systems, including NASAMS, HAWKs, IRIS T-SLM, IRIS T-SLS, and Gepard systems.

This announcement follows the U.S.'s recent move to prioritize Ukraine for Patriot and NASAM interceptors. “Ukraine will receive hundreds of additional interceptors over the next year, helping protect Ukrainian cities and troops,” Biden said. Many of these interceptors will be delivered by the end of summer, with Ukraine taking precedence over other countries, except Taiwan and Israel, which will not face delays.

Biden's announcement came a day after a devastating Russian missile attack on Ukraine’s largest children's hospital, which killed at least 31 people and wounded over 150 in five Ukrainian cities. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who is attending the summit in Washington, confirmed the attack.

More security packages for Ukraine from other NATO member countries are expected to be announced during the summit. “Together we’ve built a global coalition to stand with Ukraine,” said Biden, highlighting the collective economic, humanitarian, and military support provided to Ukraine, including tanks, armored vehicles, air defense systems, long-range missiles, and millions of munitions.

Biden concluded by noting that the United States and nearly two dozen allied partners have signed a bilateral security agreement with Ukraine.

US Air Force Advances Next-Gen Air Dominance with Anduril and General Atomics CCA Funding

 The US Air Force (USAF) has decided to continue funding Anduril and General Atomics for detailed design, manufacturing, and testing of near-prototype platforms under the Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) program. This marks a significant step towards enhancing the Air Force's next-generation air dominance capabilities. The CCA program is a critical part of the USAF’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) Family of Systems, which aims to maintain air superiority with a mix of manned and unmanned systems, reducing human risk, lowering costs, and increasing efficiency.

CCA is a US program for unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) designed to work in tandem with next-generation manned aircraft, such as sixth-generation fighters and bombers like the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider. Unlike traditional UCAVs, CCAs incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance their battlefield survivability, offering a more affordable alternative to manned aircraft with similar capabilities.

From 2023 to 2028, the USAF plans to invest over $6 billion in CCA programs. Success in this initiative could reduce the need for additional manned squadrons, balancing affordability with capability. CCAs will elevate human pilots to mission commanders, with AI handling tactical control of cost-effective robotic craft. These multi-role aircraft can be modular, performing various tasks such as sensors, shooters, and weapons carriers, and potentially acting as decoys or aerial refuelers.

The CCA program will integrate AI and autonomy to complete missions without constant human intervention, enhancing situational awareness, lethality, and survivability in contested environments. DARPA’s Longshot UAV, which extends mission range and reduces risks to manned aircraft, is an example of such technology.

Two years ago, the USAF announced its intent and broad requirements for the desired CCA. As part of the 2024 budget, contracts have been awarded to Anduril and General Atomics, with nearly twenty other companies remaining as potential industry partners. The program aims to make production decisions by 2026 and operationalize the systems by 2030, including international partnerships to achieve economies of scale and interoperability with NATO and other allies.

Initial production contracts could include at least 1,000 CCAs, potentially pairing two CCAs with each of the 200 NGAD platforms and the 300 F-35s. The CCAs will enhance the USAF’s capability to counter growing aerial threats, particularly from China, by performing complex tasks such as electronic warfare and aerial combat.

DARPA’s Air Combat Evolution (ACE) program is a key contributor to the CCA initiative. ACE aims to increase trust in combat autonomy through human-machine collaborative aerial engagements. It applies AI to realistic dogfighting scenarios and scales autonomous dogfighting to more complex, multi-aircraft operational-level simulations, preparing for future live experimentation in Mosaic Warfare.

General Atomics plans to build the CCA using components from the MQ-9 Reaper, with the project still in its initial stages. Anduril, which acquired Blue Force Technologies and its “Fury” stealthy aggressor drone program, is another major player. Their designs, such as General Atomics’ “Gambit” and Anduril’s “Fury,” will leverage digital engineering and AI to enhance air dominance.

The CCA program represents a pivotal shift in aerial combat, leveraging AI and autonomous systems to create a cost-effective, powerful air force. With a planned investment of $6 billion through 2028, the USAF aims to deploy CCAs at a large scale, enhancing the safety and performance of current and future fighter fleets in response to proliferating hostile stealth fighters.

Ukraine to Receive Patriot Air Defense Systems from Netherlands, Romania, and Germany Amid Ongoing Conflict

 

Ukraine is poised to receive three Patriot air defense systems and several other defense systems and missiles from Western allies, as announced by Ukrainian Prime Minister Denis Shmyhal.

“Today, we have achieved significant results. Italy will provide us with a second SAMP/T system. Romania will offer one Patriot system. Germany will contribute one Patriot system, along with the IRIS-T system and Gepard self-propelled anti-aircraft guns. The Netherlands is currently assembling another Patriot system for us,” Shmyhal shared on Ukraine’s Rada TV channel.

Additionally, the prime minister disclosed that the United States will supply Patriot missiles and the NASAMS anti-aircraft missile system. Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Spain, and Norway will also send additional Patriot missiles. Sweden has committed to sending two radar surveillance planes to Ukraine, Shmyhal added.

In early June, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky announced that Kyiv had secured agreements with Western nations for more air defense systems, though specific details were not disclosed. Ukrainian officials frequently express concerns about the shortage of air defense systems and missiles, consistently requesting new supplies from their Western allies.

Conversely, Russian President Vladimir Putin has repeatedly asserted that new weapons deliveries to Ukraine will not alter the front-line situation but will only prolong the conflict. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov echoed this sentiment, stating that any shipments of weapons to Kyiv would be considered legitimate targets by Russia.

Back in June, the United States halted the delivery of Patriot interceptor missiles to prioritize supplying them to Ukraine, as confirmed by U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby. Kirby noted that this decision would impact allies relying on the U.S. for Patriot missiles, which are not currently in production. The redirected missiles are expected to arrive in Ukraine within the next few weeks, aligning with the arrival of U.S.-made F-16s capable of carrying AMRAAMs.

Facing a shortage of anti-aircraft systems to counter Russia’s persistent attacks, Ukraine is urging its European allies to implement a no-fly zone in the West by deploying air defense systems in nearby Poland and Romania. Kyiv aims to establish a secure area in western Ukraine to protect industries, energy infrastructure, and civilians from recent Russian strikes.

Lawmaker Oleksiy Goncharenko questioned, “Why doesn’t NATO deploy Patriot systems near the Polish border? Russian missiles have already breached Polish and Romanian airspace. This would safeguard the borders of Poland and Romania, creating a safe zone in the West and South of Ukraine.”

This sentiment was echoed by several Ukrainian civilian and military officials who spoke to AFP in Kyiv during a recent trip organized by the French Institute of International Relations [IFRI] and the local think tank New Europe Center.

Russian Defense Ministry Warns of War Risk with NATO Amid Increased US Drone Activity Over Black Sea

 The Russian Defense Ministry has announced an increased risk of conflict with NATO due to the United States' escalation of strategic drone operations over the Black Sea. These operations aim to monitor and target precision weapons supplied to Ukraine’s armed forces.

“This highlights the growing involvement of the US and NATO in the Ukraine conflict, siding with the Kyiv regime. Such flights significantly heighten the likelihood of airspace incidents with Russian Aerospace Forces aircraft, escalating the risk of a direct confrontation between the alliance and Russia. NATO countries will bear responsibility for this,” the ministry stated.

In response, Russian Defense Minister Andrey Belousov has instructed the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces to prepare proposals for swift actions against what they term US “provocations” involving drone flights over the Black Sea.

Recently, the skies over the Black Sea have been quieter, according to the Russian Ministry of Defense, which has not reported any US drones in the area for several months. However, activity ramped up on June 23 when RIA Novosti, using data from Flightradar24, revealed an American RQ-4B Global Hawk reconnaissance drone flying over the Black Sea during a missile attack on Sevastopol. The Russian Defense Ministry believes that American specialists operated long-range ATACMS missiles during this attack, using gathered intelligence.

On June 24, Russian Telegram channels, including Fighterbomber, reported that a US Global Hawk drone had been shot down over the Black Sea. Despite these reports, neither US nor Russian officials have officially confirmed this, and the Kremlin has refrained from commenting.

In March 2023, an incident involving a US MQ-9 Reaper drone crashing into the Black Sea made headlines. According to the US European Command, the drone was on a routine mission when intercepted by a Russian aircraft, leading to a mid-air collision. The Russian Defense Ministry countered this by denying any contact between their fighter jet and the drone, citing a violation of airspace rules instead.

Following the incident, Pentagon chief Lloyd Austin affirmed that the United States would maintain its flight operations wherever international law permits. He also emphasized that Russian military aircraft must conduct themselves safely and professionally.

Germany Approves Funding for Supersonic Naval Missile Development and Extensive Missile Purchases

 

Germany's parliament has approved funding for the acquisition of thousands of missiles and the development of a supersonic naval cruise missile, as announced by the Defence Ministry.

In collaboration with Norway, Germany will work on developing the supersonic Tyrfing missile. A key parliamentary committee released funds for Berlin's first venture into creating modern naval missiles, which currently are mostly French or American-made.

While Norway and its state-owned arms manufacturer Kongsberg will lead the project, Germany plans to invest approximately €650 million ($695 million) into the development through 2033.

The new missile, named 3SM Tyrfing, is slated to be operational by 2035. The contract, expected to finalize by August, will involve Diehl Defence and MBDA working on the German side.

Initially, Germany’s portion will be funded from Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s special military fund, established following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In subsequent years, funding will come from the regular defense budget.

Kongsberg describes the Tyrfing as a “new super missile” to succeed the Naval Strike Missile developed in the early 2000s. The 3SM (Super Sonic Strike Missile) is anticipated to be ready by 2035. Besides Norway and Germany, Kongsberg aims to market the missile to other European armed forces.

Additionally, the German budget committee has approved purchasing up to 3,266 Brimstone 3 rockets, scheduled for delivery by 2033 under a contract expected to pass next month. Initially, 274 missiles and necessary equipment will be purchased from MBDA Germany for about €376 million. An additional 29 Brimstones will be used for operational testing and 75 for training and telemetry.

These rockets are intended for the Eurofighter fleet, the core of Germany’s Air Force. Berlin first announced plans to acquire the air-to-ground missile in 2017. The British Royal Air Force has utilized the Brimstone family of missiles for nearly two decades, including in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. A contingent of German Eurofighters is also deployed in the Baltics to bolster NATO’s stance against Russia.

The parliamentary budget committee also approved acquiring 506 Stinger man-portable air defense systems, valued at approximately €395 million, to replace 500 ground-to-air missiles sent to Ukraine.

Germany has been a leading supporter of Ukraine, providing more military aid than any country except the United States. According to the Germany-based Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the German government has sent €10.2 billion in military aid to Ukraine as of the end of April 2024.

Western Sanctions Fail to Diminish Russian Military-Industrial Output Amid Ukraine Conflict

 

Despite extensive sanctions and significant efforts, Western nations have been unable to effectively undermine Russia's military-industrial complex. This issue extends beyond electronic components, which continue to reach Russia through alternative and more costly routes despite export restrictions. The production of shells, missiles, armored vehicles, and drones has surged, enabling President Vladimir Putin to persist in his aggressive campaign against a neighboring country.

Experts from the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), Jack Watling and Gary Somerville, attribute the West's failure to halt Russia’s military operations to a lack of a unified approach during the initial sanction phase, among other factors.

A significant issue is Europe’s lack of infrastructure to enforce sanctions effectively, unlike the United States. Europe has historically treated sanctions more as a regulatory tool rather than economic warfare, aiming to shame rather than significantly disrupt harmful activities.

Despite the concerted efforts of Ukraine's international allies, Russia continues to obtain nitrocellulose from Germany, Turkey, and Taiwan. Additionally, it sources other essential raw materials for explosives globally, allowing rapid escalation in ammunition production. Since the war began, Russia has significantly increased its production of:

• 152-mm artillery shells: Increasing production by 5.3 times, from 250,000 per year to an expected 1.325 million in 2024. Around 800,000 122-mm shells are expected this year.
• Grad multiple launch rocket systems: Production will increase by 15.2 times, from 33,000 to over 500,000 shells. The Uragan system will see a 6.1 times increase, from 2,800 in 2023 to 17,000 this year.
• Kh-101 cruise missiles: Production has increased from 56 units in 2021 to a projected 420 units in 2023, aiming for 460 units.
• 9M723 Iskander missiles: Production has more than tripled, rising from 50 in reserve at the start of 2023 to 180 within a year.
• Iranian Shahed-136 drones: Production has surged 6.3 times, with collaborative production in Russia and Iran now exceeding 250 units monthly.

Estimating armored vehicle production in Russia is challenging. In 2024, Russia is projected to produce around 1,500 tanks and 3,000 other armored vehicles, with 85% being refurbished from existing stocks. The production of new armored vehicles is also increasing, with the Kurgan Machine-Building Plant's BMP-3 units production recorded at 100, 108, 120, and 135 units quarterly in 2023.

Russian manufacturers have adapted to losing access to Thales’ thermal imagers from France by substituting them with Chinese and Belarusian alternatives. These conversions require machine modifications, but significant imports from the United States, Europe, Taiwan, and other countries continue, including essential software updates.

The importation of dual-use goods critical to Russia's military-industrial strength has surged since President Putin met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in March 2023, according to a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Deliveries of helicopter parts, navigation systems, and precision machinery for weapons and aircraft components have jumped from a few thousand to nearly 30,000 monthly, enabling the Kremlin to expedite the production of armaments like armored vehicles, artillery, missiles, and drones. This boost has fortified their defenses during the Ukrainian counteroffensive in 2023, explained CSIS senior fellow Max Bergmann.

North Korea Tests Multi-Warhead Missile, Escalating Regional Tensions

 On June 27, North Korea announced that it successfully tested a multi-warhead missile, a development that could pose significant threats to South Korea, Japan, and the United States if confirmed. This test is seen as an attempt by North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong Un, to evade missile defenses in South Korea and the US, fulfilling his long-standing ambition for a multi-warhead missile.

The announcement from North Korean state media, KCNA, contradicted South Korea’s assessment of a failed weapon test from the previous day. KCNA reported that the test on June 26 involved the separation and guidance control of individual mobile warheads, marking a significant step in advancing missile technologies.

The test aimed to secure Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability, enabling the delivery of multiple warheads to different targets. The missile’s decoy was detected by radar, and the mobile warheads were successfully guided to three target coordinates.

Reports indicate that North Korea used a modified Hwasong-16 booster for a shortened-range test to validate the release of independent warheads. This test, the first of its kind for North Korea, is considered a preliminary step by international observers.

KCNA quoted the North Korean Missile Administration, highlighting the test as part of a full-scale effort to enhance missile capabilities and technologies. Kim Jong Un has listed a multi-warhead missile among his priorities, alongside hypersonic weapons, spy satellites, solid-fuel ICBMs, and submarine-launched nuclear missiles, all of which are in various development stages.

This development is particularly significant amid rising tensions between North Korea and NATO, especially after North Korea’s provocative actions, such as sending waste-filled balloons across the 39th parallel and issuing multiple warnings against US-South Korea cooperation.

Recently, North Korea revived defense cooperation with Russia, hosting Russian President Vladimir Putin and signaling readiness to send troops to fight in Ukraine. Amid this backdrop, the MIRV test gains critical importance, potentially elevating North Korea’s threat level, especially if the warheads are nuclear.

Despite international sanctions, North Korea is believed to have assembled 40-50 nuclear warheads. In November, Kim Jong Un urged exponential nuclear weapon production and aligning with nations opposing the US in a “New Cold War.”

North Korea’s test follows India’s recent MIRV test, which unsettled its nuclear-armed neighbors, Pakistan and China. Unlike South Korea, which lacks nuclear weapons, this development significantly heightens the threat.

MIRVs can overwhelm missile defenses by deploying multiple warheads simultaneously, making interception more difficult. This sophisticated technology requires advanced capabilities, which some US critics believe North Korea might be receiving from Russia, given their military exchanges.

While the world advocates for nuclear non-proliferation, the development of MIRV technology has faced criticism. Hans Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists expressed concerns about the increasing number of countries acquiring MIRV capabilities, warning that it could escalate nuclear tensions.

Similar concerns apply to North Korea, which has issued several nuclear threats. The Washington-based Wilson Center noted that MIRVs would significantly undermine US defense capabilities against a North Korean nuclear strike.

Russian Navy Demonstrates Submarine Strength with Baltic Sea Training Exercises Amidst Rising NATO Tensions

 Despite the challenges of the Ukraine War, the Russian Navy continues to demonstrate its strength through its submarine fleet. Recently, the submarines "Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" participated in a training exercise in the Baltic Sea, as reported by the state news agency TASS. The Russian Navy announced that the diesel-electric submarines showcased their capabilities during this exercise. The press release stated: “In the Baltic Sea, after anti-submarine exercises, the ‘Novorossiysk’ crew performed a torpedo attack using practice ammunition [without a warhead].”

During the exercise, the submarines engaged in combat scenarios against each other, practicing maneuvers to evade enemy attacks and enhance intra-ship operations during both training and combat tasks. The crews also conducted drills to detect and track submarines representing a hypothetical enemy. After the torpedo-launching exercise, the submariners continued their planned combat training in the Baltic Sea.

These drills are critical due to the increasing tensions between Russia and NATO in the Baltic region. Recently, Russia attempted to alter the maritime border in the eastern Baltic Sea, escalating tensions with NATO, though the plan was later retracted.

 Commons Russia uses its submarines to project power and send messages to its rivals. This was evident when Russia's nuclear-powered submarine Kazan, along with other ships, conducted a military drill in the Caribbean and approached the US coast. During its journey from Norway to Cuba, the Russian group, led by the frigate Admiral Gorshkov equipped with Zircon hypersonic missiles, was closely monitored by a NATO P-8 ‘Poseidon’ anti-submarine aircraft. The submarine was also spotted near Scotland’s west coast en route to Cuba, near the HM Naval Base Clyde at Faslane, home to the UK’s nuclear submarines and other Royal Navy ships.

Western nations, including the United States, dismissed concerns about the nearby Russian submarine, though its close presence raised fears of potential espionage. This port visit occurred as the U.S. closely monitored rising tensions in the Ukraine-Russia conflict, with NATO increasing its involvement. The mere 90-mile gap between Cuba and the U.S. did not help ease these fears.

"Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" are significant submarines in the Russian naval fleet, each with unique features. "Novorossiysk" is part of the Project 636.3 Varshavyanka-class (Improved Kilo-class) submarines, while "Dmitrov" belongs to the older Project 877 Paltus (Kilo-class) submarines. Both are diesel-electric attack submarines but differ in size, technology, and weaponry.

"Novorossiysk" measures about 73.8 meters (242 feet) in length, with a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet), displacing around 3,950 tons when submerged. It is powered by two diesel generators and an electric motor, allowing speeds up to 20 knots underwater and 17 knots on the surface. Its operational depth is around 300 meters (984 feet) with a maximum depth of 400 meters (1,312 feet). The submarine is equipped with advanced sonar, including the MGK-400EM sonar suite, modern navigation and combat systems, and carries various weapons, such as 18 torpedoes and Kalibr cruise missiles launched from six 533mm torpedo tubes.

"Dmitrov" is slightly smaller, measuring 72.6 meters (238 feet) in length, with a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet), displacing about 3,076 tons when submerged. It is also powered by two diesel generators and an electric motor, allowing speeds of up to 17 knots underwater and 10 knots on the surface. It operates at depths of around 240 meters (787 feet) and can go as deep as 300 meters (984 feet). While "Dmitrov" has good sensors and combat systems, it lacks the ability to launch cruise missiles like "Novorossiysk," limiting its modern combat capabilities.

In summary, both "Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" are diesel-electric attack submarines, with "Novorossiysk" being more modern and powerful due to its advanced sonar, navigation, and combat systems, as well as the ability to launch Kalibr cruise missiles. "Dmitrov" is smaller and older but still capable, with reliable sonar and torpedoes. These differences illustrate the evolution of Russian submarine technology and the distinct roles these submarines play in the navy.

AW609 Tiltrotor Achieves Milestone with First Successful Ship Trials Supported by Italian Navy

 

The AW609 tiltrotor program has reached a significant milestone with its first successful ship trial, conducted with support from the Italian Navy. From April 3-12, the AW609 AC4 aircraft, representing the final production configuration, performed demonstration trials moving from Leonardo’s facility in Cascina Costa to Maristaer Grottaglie Naval Base. The aircraft executed take-offs and landings from the Italian aircraft carrier ITS Cavour, demonstrating effective approach and deck landing capabilities.

The trials highlighted the unique advantages of Leonardo’s tiltrotor in a maritime environment, showcasing its compliance with rigorous operational and safety standards. This positions the AW609 to meet various government and public service needs in Italy and globally.

The demonstration phase included an initial test campaign in a synthetic environment using the AW609 simulator at Cascina Costa. Digital twin applications provided preliminary assessments of activities and maneuvers, enhancing capability development, time efficiency, safety, and sustainability. The aircraft performed deck landings and take-offs in over 15 different conditions, including various wind scenarios.

These trials are part of the ongoing efforts of a joint working group established in 2022, which includes Leonardo, the Italian Navy, the Italian Army, and the Guardia di Finanza (Italy’s Customs Police). The group aims to evaluate the potential of tiltrotor technologies as complementary to existing government assets, offering fast long-range capabilities with vertical take-off and landing. The group's assessments focus on the benefits for logistic transport and, in the future, maritime surveillance.

Lorenzo Mariani, Co-General Manager of Leonardo, emphasized the importance of fast rotorcraft technologies in their capability development. He noted that the recent ship trials, supported by the Italian Navy, are crucial in advancing government applications and leading international tiltrotor initiatives.

Gian Piero Cutillo, Managing Director of Leonardo Helicopters, highlighted the unmatched performance and versatility of the AW609 demonstrated in these trials. He expressed appreciation for the partners involved and anticipation for the next stages of evaluation.

Following these trials, Leonardo will analyze the collected data to refine approaches and enhance the platform for naval operations. The AW609, designed for fast point-to-point transportation over long distances, accommodates up to nine passengers in a pressurized cabin and is set to transform various missions, including public and government roles. The program has logged over 1,900 flight hours in Italy and the USA, leveraging Leonardo’s industrial and technological capabilities in the fast rotorcraft domain.

Pentagon Clarifies Sevastopol Beach Not Targeted in Ukrainian Attack on Crimea

 

Pentagon spokesman John F. Kirby clarified that the Ukrainian attack on Crimea on June 23 was not intended to target Sevastopol’s beach, where civilians were caught in the crossfire. According to BulgarianMilitary.com, Ukraine launched an assault on the Crimean Peninsula that day. The Russian Federation reported over 100 injuries and five fatalities, including two children, due to the incident.

While initial reports suggested that Ukraine used five ATACMS missiles and drones, there is no conclusive evidence that ATACMS missiles were actually deployed. Debris found at the scene appears to be from a 9M330 air defense missile of Soviet/Russian origin, but the authenticity of these images is unverified.

The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that air defense systems intercepted four US-supplied ATACMS missiles, but debris from a fifth missile caused civilian casualties. RIA Novosti's inquiries about the ammunition type used were deflected to Ukrainian authorities for confirmation.

Kirby noted that the Ukrainian military independently selects its targets. He explained that a Ukrainian missile aimed at a military site in Crimea was intercepted by a Russian missile, with shrapnel falling on a nearby beach and injuring civilians. Video evidence suggests multiple shrapnel pieces rather than a single fragment, which contrasts with Russian claims of cluster submunitions from an ATACMS missile.

US Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene suggested on social media that the civilian casualties were caused by Ukrainian cluster munitions, criticizing US military aid to Ukraine. She emphasized the importance of defending US borders instead of involving in foreign conflicts.

The Russian Ministry of Defense asserted that the responsibility for the attack lies with Washington, which supplied the weapons, and the Kyiv regime, from whose territory the strike was launched. They reported that four ATACMS missiles were intercepted by air defenses, but the fifth missile’s mid-air explosion caused civilian casualties.

The ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System) is a US-developed surface-to-surface missile designed for precise deep-strike attacks against critical targets. It is launched from the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS). The missile, approximately 13 feet long and weighing around 3,690 pounds, is capable of reaching speeds up to Mach 3 and has a range of up to 300 kilometers.

The ATACMS can be equipped with unitary warheads for precision strikes or cluster munitions for area denial and anti-personnel purposes. The Soviet/Russian S-300 series, specifically the S-300V system, is capable of intercepting such missiles, featuring advanced radar systems and interceptor missiles to engage various aerial threats.

Russia's Submarine Blunder: Kazan's Sonar Signature Compromised Near Cuba

 After the Russian Yasen-class submarine, Kazan, made an appearance in Cuba, initial excitement about its proximity to the US turned into regret among Russian experts. According to the Russian site Top War, this move is seen as a significant blunder, with Americans already mocking Russia. The site criticizes the decision, noting that sending the submarine into the American anti-submarine zone compromised its stealth advantage.

In Cuba, crowds gathered to see the Kazan up close, but this exposure meant the US and NATO could now detect the submarine more easily. The Atlantic is heavily monitored by American and NATO forces, using advanced detection systems in key areas like the Barents and Norwegian Seas, the Faroe-Icelandic Gap, and the Davis Strait. These systems, combined with sophisticated patrol aviation, make it nearly impossible for a Russian submarine to enter the Atlantic undetected.

Submarines are primarily detected through passive noise direction finding and active sonar methods. Passive systems pick up on low-frequency sounds, while active sonar involves sending out a signal that bounces off the submarine and returns to the receiver. Modern ships enhance detection capabilities with low-frequency emitters and towed sonar stations, making it hard for submarines to remain hidden.

However, detecting a submarine with another submarine is more complex, as Russian submarines have very low noise levels in stealth mode. Identifying an underwater target’s unique acoustic signature can help isolate it from background noise, crucial for long-distance detection.

Previously, the US lacked detailed acoustic data on the Kazan. But after its exposure near Cuba, advanced computer systems recorded its acoustic signature, allowing the US to identify and track it more efficiently. This shift in detection methods significantly disadvantages Russia in terms of submarine stealth capabilities.

The potential implications are severe. The US could launch a nuclear strike against Russia or China with minimal retaliation risk if they can neutralize Russian strategic submarines. This was demonstrated in June 2023, showing the importance of disabling Russia’s submarine fleet to prevent a retaliatory strike. Russian submarines often operate under the ice, complicating detection, but a detailed sonar signature would allow American submarines to locate and target them from a safe distance, even in challenging environments.

Russia Claims to Shoot Down US Global Hawk Drone Over Black Sea

 

After Russia blamed the United States for a Ukrainian ATACMS missile strike on Crimea, which resulted in civilian casualties, claims emerged on social media suggesting that Russian forces had shot down a US RQ-4B Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) over the Black Sea.

Prominent Russian military bloggers, including Fighterbomber, which reportedly has close Kremlin ties, shared these claims. They asserted on Telegram that a Russian MiG-31 interceptor had downed a US RQ-4B UAV over the Black Sea. Some bloggers even mentioned that Russian President Vladimir Putin praised the pilot responsible for the mission.

The Fighterbomber channel stated, “If [the Americans] fly again, it means they are prepared for the loss of a Global Hawk (or even more than one).”

However, these claims lack concrete evidence. The Kremlin has not acknowledged the rumors, and neither the Ukrainian Armed Forces nor the US military has commented on them.

The claims have generated significant discussion among Ukrainian military bloggers and open-source intelligence accounts tracking the ongoing conflict. A popular account expressed skepticism, noting, “If an interception or attack on a Global Hawk happened, we would likely see a video from the Russian Ministry of Defense.”

 Kyiv-based security analyst Jimmy Rushton wrote on X (formerly Twitter) that no such incident occurred over the Black Sea and that the pro-Russian accounts’ claims were fake news. As of this report, the US Department of Defense (DoD) had not commented on these developments.

Meanwhile, Ukrainian military bloggers reported that the drone in question returned to its base unharmed.

These claims followed the Kremlin's accusation that the United States was responsible for a Ukrainian ATACMS missile attack on Crimea, which resulted in at least four deaths and 151 injuries. Moscow officially warned the American ambassador of impending retaliation.

The Russian Defense Ministry stated, “All flight missions for the American ATACMS operational-tactical missiles are planned by American specialists using US satellite reconnaissance data. Therefore, responsibility for the deliberate missile attack on civilians in Sevastopol primarily lies with Washington, which supplied these weapons to Ukraine, as well as the Kyiv regime, from whose territory this attack was launched.”

While the Russian MoD did not directly link the ATACMS attack to the RQ-4B UAV, Russian media suggested that the US reconnaissance drone circled over the Black Sea during the Ukrainian attack on Sevastopol. These reports, based on Flightradar flight tracking data, indicated that the Global Hawk might have supported Ukrainian troops during the attack, raising fears of escalating tensions between the Cold War rivals.

The incident echoes a previous event where Russian fighter jets dumped fuel over an MQ-9 Reaper drone over the Black Sea, causing it to lose control and crash into the sea.

The Global Hawk is an advanced aerial reconnaissance system that operates at high altitudes for extended periods, controlled remotely without an onboard crew and unarmed. It has a history of numerous missions across various conflict zones. Equipped with integrated sensors and cameras, it can continuously capture high-resolution images of large areas, day or night, and in all weather conditions. According to manufacturer Northrop Grumman, the Global Hawk can detect targets over 340 miles away from its 60,000-foot operating altitude.

The drone complements manned and space reconnaissance systems by providing continuous, near-real-time coverage using imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) sensors. The precise range of its cameras and sensors remains classified.

The MQ-4A variant of the Global Hawk was shot down by Iranian forces in June 2023 while flying over the Strait of Hormuz, leading to a statement from Iran’s Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) that the UAV had breached Iranian airspace, sending a “clear message to America.”

The Global Hawk has been extensively used by US forces for sophisticated military operations and has been sold to countries like South Korea and Japan for enhanced surveillance and reconnaissance.

The drone played a critical role in Operation ‘Inherent Resolve’ against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), providing real-time imagery and signals intelligence to help commanders make crucial decisions, distinguish between friendly and enemy forces, identify long-term targets, and monitor hostile equipment movements.

Recently, the US Air Force deployed RQ-4 Global Hawks to a base in Japan as part of a rotational deployment strategy to support sustained operations in the region and maintain a “free and open Indo-Pacific region.”

Russia has frequently noted how NATO and US aircraft, such as the RC-135 Rivet, RQ-4B Global Hawk drone, and the E-8 Joint STARS reconnaissance aircraft, fly around Ukraine’s coast and the Black Sea to support Kyiv’s military operations.

The Global Hawk was reportedly involved in the October 2022 maritime drone strike on the Russian Navy’s Black Sea Fleet in Crimea’s Sevastopol. Russian forces have cited the drone's involvement in several such Ukrainian operations.

Moscow is using the ATACMS attack to strengthen its argument that it is fighting a proxy war against the West, questioning Washington’s intentions.

India and US Discuss Co-Producing Javelin Anti-Tank Missiles Amid Rising Military Cooperation

 A key weapon in Ukraine’s military arsenal, the shoulder-fired Javelin anti-armor weapon, might soon be co-produced in India if ongoing talks between New Delhi and Washington are successful. During a recent visit to India by US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, the two countries discussed various joint production proposals, including Javelin anti-tank missile systems for the Indian Army.

The Javelin, produced by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin, is a 46-pound, shoulder-fired weapon capable of penetrating any tank or mobile vehicle on the battlefield, and it can also down helicopters. The Indian Army has been seeking shoulder-fired ATGMs for almost a decade, and if discussions proceed, a local partner will be identified to establish a manufacturing plant in India.

Operated by a two-soldier team, the Javelin fires a heat-seeking missile with a range of up to 2.5 miles. Known as a “fire and forget” system, it allows soldiers to seek cover immediately after firing. The Javelin is named for its ability to strike tanks from above, like a spear, and can also directly target low-flying helicopters.

To address its anti-armor weapon needs, the Indian Army acquired Spike ATGMs from Israel in 2020 to counter Chinese aggression. Recently, India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Army test-fired a man-portable anti-tank guided missile (MPATGM) system at the Pokhran field firing range in Rajasthan.

On April 14, 2024, the Indian Ministry of Defence announced that the MPATGM system—comprising missiles, a tripod-mounted command launch unit, a target acquisition system, and a fire-control unit—was field-evaluated in various configurations to validate its technology.

The Pentagon has supplied more than 10,000 Javelin systems to Ukraine, where experts believe the weapon significantly helped Ukrainian light infantry against Russian mechanized forces. The FGM-148 Javelin costs about $176,000 each. In August 2023, Lockheed Martin announced plans to nearly double Javelin production from 2,100 to nearly 4,000 units per year by 2026.

India and the US are discussing several joint defense projects. Previously, EurAsian Times reported a proposal to co-produce Stryker armored vehicles in India after an initial off-the-shelf purchase via the Foreign Military Sales route. However, none of these deals have been finalized yet.

Indian company Larsen and Toubro has partnered with France’s MBDA to develop missiles and weapon systems in India, including fifth-generation anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM5s), missiles for coastal batteries, and high-speed target drones. The prototype, showcased as ATGM-5 at DefExpo in Chennai, will be produced in India with complete technology transfer.

The Indian Army is actively enhancing its firepower to counter threats from both its eastern and western borders. In June 2023, it issued a Request for Information (RFI) for acquiring 5,000 fire-and-forget missiles and 500 launcher systems to be mounted on license-built BMP-2/2K ‘Sarath’ Infantry Combat Vehicles. The RFI specifies that the ATGMs should support top and direct attack modes, with the capability to penetrate at least 650 mm rolled homogeneous armor equivalent (RHAe) and explosive reactive armor (ERA).

Currently, the Indian Army uses the French-made MILAN 2T ATGM for light anti-armor warfare, capable of destroying targets up to 2 kilometers away. Another widely used system is the Russian-made 9M133 Kornet ATGM, which targets heavy armor. The Army also maintains a large stockpile of the 9M113 Konkurs system, known in NATO circles as the ‘AT-5 Spandrel’.

Additionally, India has developed an indigenous third-generation ATGM called Nag, which employs infrared homing and millimetric wave active-radar homing technologies. Nag has three versions: a vehicle-mounted version (based on the Namica launcher), a heliborne version (HeliNa), and a man-portable version (MP-ATGM).

Russia Intensifies Air Strikes on Ukrainian Airfields Amid Arrival of F-16 Fighter Jets

 

As Ukraine prepares to receive its first F-16 fighter jets, there has been an increase in Russian air strikes targeting Ukrainian airfields. These strikes appear to be Moscow’s attempt to disrupt Kyiv’s infrastructure needed to operate the F-16s.

Reports on social media suggest that on June 22, the Russian Black Sea Fleet attacked Ukrainian infrastructure, including the Vasilkov airfield near Kyiv, using sea-launched Kalibr cruise missiles. A video on Platform X (formerly Twitter) showed at least four missiles in flight. Photos on social media later depicted the alleged destruction caused by the attack. Pro-Russian military bloggers made these claims, but the Ukrainian Armed Forces have not commented.

Military analysts suggest the strategy aims to weaken the Ukrainian Air Force by destroying potential F-16 bases. If accurate, this would be the second strike on Vasilkov this month. Earlier reports indicated an oil depot at the airfield was targeted, causing a fire visible from space.

Previously, Russia also launched missile strikes on Starokostyantyniv in the Khmelnytsky area, another potential F-16 base. Russia has threatened to strike any Ukrainian airfield housing the F-16s, most of which are within the range of Russian missiles. Ukraine has announced plans to station some F-16s on NATO territory to safeguard them from attacks.

Ukraine is set to receive F-16s from Denmark in the coming weeks, with additional pledges from the Netherlands, Norway, and Belgium. Some donor countries have suggested using the jets for strikes inside Russia, heightening Kremlin concerns.

While facing relentless Russian air strikes, Ukraine has been targeting Russian air defenses in preparation for the F-16s’ arrival. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) noted Ukraine’s efforts to degrade Russian air defenses to enable effective use of manned aircraft. Recent Ukrainian actions have targeted key Russian air defense systems, including modern systems like the S-400, which were hit by Ukrainian drones.

The S-300/S-400 air defense systems and Su-57 fighters are vital for Russia to restrict Ukrainian air operations and support its offensive. Kyiv has strategically targeted these platforms as both sides engage in intense aerial strikes.

On June 23, Russian authorities reported that Ukrainian drone and missile attacks on Crimea resulted in six deaths and over 100 injuries. Russia blamed both the United States and Ukraine, claiming the attack involved US-provided ATACMS missiles. Russian air defenses reportedly shot down 33 Ukrainian drones over Bryansk, Smolensk, Lipetsk, and Tula.

Additionally, reports suggest Ukraine attacked a Russian warehouse used for launching and training with Iranian-made drones. Satellite images confirmed the destruction of facilities in the Krasnodar Territory on June 21.

Russia has also increased the use of guided bombs on Ukrainian territory, with recent attacks in Kharkiv resulting in multiple fatalities. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has called on allies to strengthen Ukraine’s air defenses, emphasizing the need for modern systems like Patriots, accelerated pilot training for F-16s, and extended weapon range.

Over the weekend, Russia targeted Ukraine’s power infrastructure, marking the ninth attack on energy installations in three months, according to Ukraine’s energy ministry.

Russian Spy Ships Allegedly Gathering Intel on Israel's Newest Submarine INS Drakon

 Following allegations of U.S. surveillance on China's Fujian aircraft carrier, there are now claims that Russia might be collecting critical intelligence on Israel’s latest submarine, INS Drakon. Naval analyst H.I. Sutton suggested that two Russian spy ships, the Sibiryakov and Wassili Tatischtschew, were likely monitoring Israel’s new submarine, which is currently undergoing sea trials in Kiel, Germany.

The submarine, constructed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), has drawn significant attention. An analysis by Droxford Maritime indicated that Sibiryakov had been sent to observe the sea trials, while German media reported that Wassili Tatischtschew positioned itself off Kiel.

Russia has a history of deploying spy ships to gather intelligence on adversaries. For example, in April last year, Russia was accused of using a spy ship in Nordic waters to potentially sabotage underwater cables and wind farms. Since 2014, allegations have surfaced about Russian ships eavesdropping on North Sea facilities, with at least 50 vessels reportedly lingering near power facilities, oil and gas sites, and military training grounds during NATO exercises, according to public media investigations in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway.

Earlier this year, a Russian spy ship, the Kareliya, lingered near Japan’s coastline during a 10-day deployment. Spying during sea trials is common, as it allows navies to build an acoustic library of new submarines, monitor their performance, and gather data more easily than when the vessels are in active service.

INS Drakon, the latest and most advanced of Israel’s Dolphin II class attack submarines, features a large sail likely housing vertical launch tubes for strategic missiles. Once operational, it will be part of Israel’s nuclear deterrent, making it a prime target during its sea trials. Experts note that the marine pathways used are usually closed off to the public, making the alleged Russian surveillance more significant.

Droxford Maritime observed that while the Israeli submarine’s movements haven’t been reported, it was seen being fueled in early June, indicating ongoing trials. These claims echo similar accusations by China against the U.S. earlier this year. China alleged that a U.S. Air Force electronic intelligence aircraft was conducting surveillance on its newest aircraft carrier, the Fujian, during its sea trials in May 2024.

Flight-tracking data from Hans M. Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists showed the U.S. spy plane conducting surveillance missions along the Chinese coastline on May 7, 9, 10, and 13. The operations, originating from Okinawa’s Kadena Air Base, involved long-haul flights over strategically important regions, including the Luzon Strait, the Paracel Islands, and the Pearl River Delta. The U.S. Defense Department did not disclose the specifics of these operations, but they were seen as attempts to gather intelligence on the Chinese carrier amid rising tensions between China and the West.

Fully Funded NATO: A Powerful Deterrent Against Russian Aggression, Report by Dr. Warren K. Christolon

 

The dream of achieving peace and security across Europe is within reach, provided the ongoing issue within NATO is resolved. NATO, originally based on shared responsibility, has shifted to a model where 21 out of its 32 members are not meeting their 2% GDP defense spending obligation. This failure is especially concerning amid the ongoing war between Ukraine and Russia, affecting both NATO and non-NATO European countries, particularly Ukraine.

Despite the requirement for NATO countries to allocate 2% of their GDP to defense, many have not done so. Only 10 out of the 30 European NATO members met this goal in 2023. These "Honorable 10" are Poland, Greece, Estonia, Lithuania, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Latvia, the UK, and the Slovak Republic. The US and Canada also contribute, with the US spending 3.49% of its GDP on defense.

A decade ago, the Obama Administration highlighted that NATO countries were not meeting their funding commitments, and the Trump Administration called for "burden sharing." However, there has been no significant improvement. As European countries expand their welfare states, their defense spending has decreased, failing to recognize the global security threats beyond Europe and the impracticality of relying solely on the US for protection.

The US, overextended both militarily and economically, has shifted its focus to other strategic regions like the Indo-Pacific and the Middle East, reducing its defense resources in Europe. European NATO members must now face reality and take corrective action.

The non-compliant NATO countries must be encouraged to contribute their fair share, moving away from their "NATO Welfare Cocoon." A fully funded European NATO would vastly outmatch Russia in military and economic power. With NATO Europe’s population of one billion versus Russia’s 144 million, Europe would have undeniable deterrence supremacy, ensuring protection for all like-minded European countries and neutralizing Russia as a credible threat.

To address this security deficiency, it is crucial to end the exploitation by the non-paying NATO countries. A new Secretary General from one of the ten compliant countries should be appointed to reshape NATO leadership and enforce the 2% GDP defense spending rule.

Qualified leaders from the compliant countries are ready to lead NATO and ensure all members meet their financial obligations, creating a credible deterrence force in Europe. This new leadership will reorient NATO’s principles, emphasizing that Europe must take primary responsibility for its defense, acknowledging the US's global commitments, and ensuring all European members contribute their fair share.

A fully funded NATO would emerge as the dominant defensive power in Europe, securing peace and stability. This reformed NATO, with its enhanced capabilities, would deter Russia and strengthen ties with non-NATO European countries, promoting peace and security across the continent.

South Korea Weighs Arming Ukraine Amid Growing Russia-North Korea Military Ties

 

Triggered by the recent defense agreement between North Korea and Russia, South Korea is considering the possibility of arming Ukraine, according to a report from Yonhap News on June 20. An unnamed official indicated that this reevaluation follows the commitment between North Korean and Russian leaders to support each other in case of conflict.

Though not officially confirmed by the South Korean government, these reports follow Seoul's condemnation of the strategic partnership deal signed by North Korea and Russia. South Korea's government stated that the partnership violated UN sanctions, emphasizing that any cooperation that enhances North Korea's military capabilities breaches UN Security Council resolutions and is subject to international monitoring and sanctions.

In a recent statement, Russian President Vladimir Putin praised South Korea for not directly supplying arms to Ukraine, which was perceived as an olive branch to Seoul, dissatisfied with Moscow's growing military ties with Pyongyang.

Historically, South Korea has been hesitant to send arms to Ukraine due to its policy of not arming countries involved in active conflicts. Despite pressure from NATO allies, Seoul has maintained its stance, although it has indirectly supplied 155mm artillery shells to Ukraine via the United States.

Reports suggest that the two Koreas are engaging in a proxy war, with South Korea indirectly aiding Ukraine and North Korea allegedly supplying weapons to Russia. Chris Park from the Center for Strategic and International Studies noted that this situation effectively places the Koreas in opposition through their support of different sides in the Ukraine conflict.

The new defense cooperation agreements between North Korea and Russia, described as the most significant since the Cold War, have escalated tensions with South Korea. Pyongyang has recently launched provocations, including sending waste-filled balloons and soldiers crossing the border, prompting South Korea to fire warning shots.

Concerns are rising in Seoul about North Korea potentially receiving Russian support for its missile program in return for its military backing. The strategic agreement signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un guarantees mutual assistance in case of aggression.

Although it is unclear if the new agreement offers the same level of protection as the Cold War-era pact, it marks a significant step towards a closer relationship between the two nations. The agreement obliges each party to use all available means to assist the other in case of an attack, in compliance with national laws and Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, which upholds the right to self-defense.

Both leaders have characterized the deal as a breakthrough, enhancing cooperation in security, trade, investment, culture, and humanitarianism. Kim Jong Un declared the agreement as the "strongest ever treaty," signaling a solid alliance and full support for Russia’s actions in Ukraine. Putin referred to it as a significant advancement in their bilateral relations.

China to Expand Nuclear Arsenal by 90 Warheads by End of 2024

 China is set to significantly increase its nuclear warhead count by at least 90 by the end of 2024, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI, which has been tracking global armaments for many years, reports that China's nuclear arsenal has grown from 410 warheads in 2022 to approximately 500 currently. This expansion highlights China’s rapid efforts to enhance its military power, although it still lags behind the US and Russia.

Globally, there are 3,904 nuclear warheads ready for launch, with an additional 5,681 in storage, totaling an alarming 9,585 warheads. Among smaller nuclear powers, India holds 172 warheads, Pakistan has 170, North Korea has about 50, and Israel maintains around 90. North Korea, with sufficient nuclear material, could potentially increase its arsenal to 90 warheads.

The transparency of nuclear arsenals has decreased since the US and Russia paused the New START Treaty in 2023, which previously aimed to limit these arsenals. This has contributed to an arms race, with nations enhancing their nuclear capabilities and developing new launchers and ballistic missile submarines. The ongoing investigations into Iran’s nuclear development and escalating international tensions further exacerbate the situation.

Russia and the United States currently possess the largest number of nuclear warheads, with 5,580 and 5,244 respectively. They account for nearly 90% of the world's total nuclear arsenal. Of these, 3,904 warheads are deployed on missiles and aircraft, marking an increase of 60 from the previous year. This includes 1,710 from Russia and 1,770 from the United States. China is estimated to have 24 warheads deployed on missiles.

SIPRI Director Dan Smith highlights that while the total number of nuclear warheads globally continues to decline as Cold War-era weapons are dismantled, there is an annual increase in the number of operational warheads. This trend is expected to accelerate in the coming years, raising significant concerns.

NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg has emphasized ongoing discussions about possibly deploying additional nuclear weapons within the alliance. He underscores the need to demonstrate NATO’s nuclear capabilities to potential adversaries. Stoltenberg notes that China, Russia, and North Korea are the main challenges for NATO and points out China’s significant nuclear arsenal expansion. He forecasts that by 2030, China's nuclear stockpile could reach about 80% of the size of the US and Russian arsenals.

The production of nuclear warheads involves the extraction and refinement of fissile material, primarily uranium-235 and plutonium-239. Uranium-235 is enriched from natural uranium, while plutonium-239 is produced in nuclear reactors. The fissile material is then fashioned into a core or 'pit' surrounded by a tamper and encased in a high-explosive shell designed to compress the core to a supercritical state when detonated.

The warhead’s triggering mechanism involves conventional explosives arranged to ensure symmetrical compression of the fissile core. Advanced designs may also include a neutron initiator to ensure a rapid and sustained chain reaction. The warhead is then integrated into a delivery system, such as a missile or bomb, with rigorous testing and quality control to ensure reliability and safety. Modern warheads include sophisticated electronics for arming, fuzing, and firing, as well as safety mechanisms to prevent accidental detonation.

Throughout the production process, strict security and non-proliferation measures are enforced to prevent unauthorized use or dissemination of nuclear technology, with oversight by organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).