Canada Initiates Acquisition of Up to 12 New Submarines for Arctic Defense

 

Canada is initiating the acquisition of up to 12 new conventionally-powered submarines capable of operating under ice. This move, announced by Defence Minister Bill Blair, marks the first step in engaging the industry for this significant defense project.

Given Canada's vast coastline, maintaining robust underwater surveillance is vital for national security and sovereignty. The updated defense policy, "Our North, Strong and Free," highlights the increasing accessibility of the Arctic due to climate change, which is making the region more attractive to foreign actors with military ambitions. By 2050, the Arctic Ocean may become a major shipping route between Europe and East Asia.

The Arctic's growing accessibility has led to increased activity from global competitors seeking access to natural resources and transportation routes. Russian submarines are active in the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific Oceans, while China is rapidly expanding its underwater fleet.

In response to these challenges, the Canadian government is committed to renewing and expanding its submarine fleet. The current fleet of four Victoria-class submarines is aging and costly to maintain. A modern fleet is essential to protect Canada's sovereignty from emerging threats.

Minister Blair announced that Canada is taking the first step in procuring up to 12 new submarines, starting with formal industry engagement. This initiative, part of the Canadian Patrol Submarine Project (CPSP), aims to acquire a larger, modernized fleet to enhance the Royal Canadian Navy's ability to detect and deter maritime threats, control maritime approaches, project power, and maintain a persistent deterrent across all three coasts.

The Department of National Defence is meeting with manufacturers and potential partners as part of the CPSP. A formal Request for Information (RFI) will be posted in fall 2024 to gather information on procurement, construction, delivery, and operational capabilities. This RFI will also explore establishing a submarine sustainment capability in Canada, fostering strategic partnerships for personnel training and information sharing.

Canada's new submarines must meet key requirements, including stealth, lethality, persistence, and Arctic deployability. These capabilities will ensure Canada can effectively detect, track, deter, and, if necessary, defeat adversaries in all three oceans while supporting allies globally.

The procurement of up to 12 submarines is essential for defending Canada's three coasts. The federal government is eager to collaborate with industry to deliver world-class submarines.

“As the country with the longest coastline in the world, Canada needs a new fleet of submarines,” said Minister Blair. “This new fleet will protect our sovereignty and contribute significantly to the security of our partners and NATO Allies.”

The Arctic region is becoming more accessible, leading to increased Russian and Chinese activity. In response, the Canadian government has committed $8.1 billion over five years and $73 billion over 20 years for new defense spending, which includes renewing the submarine fleet, acquiring vehicles for icy terrains, enhancing patrol vessels, and other key defense upgrades. Canada’s current fleet of Victoria-class submarines, purchased from the UK in 1998, will be modernized into the mid-to-late 2030s.

US Navy to Deploy Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles from Submarines by End of 2024

The US Navy (USN) is set to deploy a torpedo-tube launch-and-recovery (TTL&R) uncrewed underwater vehicle (UUV) capability on an operational submarine for the first time. This deployment will begin by the end of 2024 in the European theatre. Although submarines have previously used UUVs, the TTL&R method simplifies deployment and retrieval, enhancing capabilities and maneuverability in the underwater domain.

Vice Admiral Rob Gaucher, Commander of Submarine Forces, announced at the Naval Leaders' Combined Naval Event 2024 (CNE 24) in Farnborough, UK, that the UUVs would be installed on the USS Delaware in the coming weeks and will be deployed by year's end. The Delaware, a Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarine commissioned in April 2020, is part of the USN's plan to develop a fully integrated SSN-based UUV capability.

Vice Adm Gaucher emphasized the importance of increasing UUV operations within the submarine force and outlined plans to accelerate this development in 2024. The deployment will include an HII REMUS 600 UUV, tested successfully in late 2023 when launched and recovered via the Delaware’s torpedo tube. The US Navy’s regional commanders in Europe will seek exercises and opportunities to test this TTL&R-based UUV capability during the Delaware’s deployment across the Atlantic.

The second successful test of the TTL&R capability occurred on the Delaware in December 2023, following an earlier test in the Pacific. Vice Adm Gaucher highlighted the need to integrate emerging commercial UUV technologies into regular naval operations, stressing the importance of practical experience and trials.

The TTL&R capability, part of the AUKUS (Australia/UK/US) strategic partnership, exemplifies new concepts and technologies being developed under Pillar 2. This development underscores the collaboration between the three navies in advancing subsea and seabed warfare capabilities, with UUVs playing a crucial role in defending underwater infrastructure.

Vice Adm Gaucher concluded by emphasizing the need for more exercises and development to expand uncrewed operations, aiming for exponential growth in the use of uncrewed systems. 

Germany Approves Funding for Supersonic Naval Missile Development and Extensive Missile Purchases

 

Germany's parliament has approved funding for the acquisition of thousands of missiles and the development of a supersonic naval cruise missile, as announced by the Defence Ministry.

In collaboration with Norway, Germany will work on developing the supersonic Tyrfing missile. A key parliamentary committee released funds for Berlin's first venture into creating modern naval missiles, which currently are mostly French or American-made.

While Norway and its state-owned arms manufacturer Kongsberg will lead the project, Germany plans to invest approximately €650 million ($695 million) into the development through 2033.

The new missile, named 3SM Tyrfing, is slated to be operational by 2035. The contract, expected to finalize by August, will involve Diehl Defence and MBDA working on the German side.

Initially, Germany’s portion will be funded from Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s special military fund, established following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In subsequent years, funding will come from the regular defense budget.

Kongsberg describes the Tyrfing as a “new super missile” to succeed the Naval Strike Missile developed in the early 2000s. The 3SM (Super Sonic Strike Missile) is anticipated to be ready by 2035. Besides Norway and Germany, Kongsberg aims to market the missile to other European armed forces.

Additionally, the German budget committee has approved purchasing up to 3,266 Brimstone 3 rockets, scheduled for delivery by 2033 under a contract expected to pass next month. Initially, 274 missiles and necessary equipment will be purchased from MBDA Germany for about €376 million. An additional 29 Brimstones will be used for operational testing and 75 for training and telemetry.

These rockets are intended for the Eurofighter fleet, the core of Germany’s Air Force. Berlin first announced plans to acquire the air-to-ground missile in 2017. The British Royal Air Force has utilized the Brimstone family of missiles for nearly two decades, including in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. A contingent of German Eurofighters is also deployed in the Baltics to bolster NATO’s stance against Russia.

The parliamentary budget committee also approved acquiring 506 Stinger man-portable air defense systems, valued at approximately €395 million, to replace 500 ground-to-air missiles sent to Ukraine.

Germany has been a leading supporter of Ukraine, providing more military aid than any country except the United States. According to the Germany-based Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the German government has sent €10.2 billion in military aid to Ukraine as of the end of April 2024.

Russian Navy Demonstrates Submarine Strength with Baltic Sea Training Exercises Amidst Rising NATO Tensions

 Despite the challenges of the Ukraine War, the Russian Navy continues to demonstrate its strength through its submarine fleet. Recently, the submarines "Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" participated in a training exercise in the Baltic Sea, as reported by the state news agency TASS. The Russian Navy announced that the diesel-electric submarines showcased their capabilities during this exercise. The press release stated: “In the Baltic Sea, after anti-submarine exercises, the ‘Novorossiysk’ crew performed a torpedo attack using practice ammunition [without a warhead].”

During the exercise, the submarines engaged in combat scenarios against each other, practicing maneuvers to evade enemy attacks and enhance intra-ship operations during both training and combat tasks. The crews also conducted drills to detect and track submarines representing a hypothetical enemy. After the torpedo-launching exercise, the submariners continued their planned combat training in the Baltic Sea.

These drills are critical due to the increasing tensions between Russia and NATO in the Baltic region. Recently, Russia attempted to alter the maritime border in the eastern Baltic Sea, escalating tensions with NATO, though the plan was later retracted.

 Commons Russia uses its submarines to project power and send messages to its rivals. This was evident when Russia's nuclear-powered submarine Kazan, along with other ships, conducted a military drill in the Caribbean and approached the US coast. During its journey from Norway to Cuba, the Russian group, led by the frigate Admiral Gorshkov equipped with Zircon hypersonic missiles, was closely monitored by a NATO P-8 ‘Poseidon’ anti-submarine aircraft. The submarine was also spotted near Scotland’s west coast en route to Cuba, near the HM Naval Base Clyde at Faslane, home to the UK’s nuclear submarines and other Royal Navy ships.

Western nations, including the United States, dismissed concerns about the nearby Russian submarine, though its close presence raised fears of potential espionage. This port visit occurred as the U.S. closely monitored rising tensions in the Ukraine-Russia conflict, with NATO increasing its involvement. The mere 90-mile gap between Cuba and the U.S. did not help ease these fears.

"Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" are significant submarines in the Russian naval fleet, each with unique features. "Novorossiysk" is part of the Project 636.3 Varshavyanka-class (Improved Kilo-class) submarines, while "Dmitrov" belongs to the older Project 877 Paltus (Kilo-class) submarines. Both are diesel-electric attack submarines but differ in size, technology, and weaponry.

"Novorossiysk" measures about 73.8 meters (242 feet) in length, with a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet), displacing around 3,950 tons when submerged. It is powered by two diesel generators and an electric motor, allowing speeds up to 20 knots underwater and 17 knots on the surface. Its operational depth is around 300 meters (984 feet) with a maximum depth of 400 meters (1,312 feet). The submarine is equipped with advanced sonar, including the MGK-400EM sonar suite, modern navigation and combat systems, and carries various weapons, such as 18 torpedoes and Kalibr cruise missiles launched from six 533mm torpedo tubes.

"Dmitrov" is slightly smaller, measuring 72.6 meters (238 feet) in length, with a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet), displacing about 3,076 tons when submerged. It is also powered by two diesel generators and an electric motor, allowing speeds of up to 17 knots underwater and 10 knots on the surface. It operates at depths of around 240 meters (787 feet) and can go as deep as 300 meters (984 feet). While "Dmitrov" has good sensors and combat systems, it lacks the ability to launch cruise missiles like "Novorossiysk," limiting its modern combat capabilities.

In summary, both "Novorossiysk" and "Dmitrov" are diesel-electric attack submarines, with "Novorossiysk" being more modern and powerful due to its advanced sonar, navigation, and combat systems, as well as the ability to launch Kalibr cruise missiles. "Dmitrov" is smaller and older but still capable, with reliable sonar and torpedoes. These differences illustrate the evolution of Russian submarine technology and the distinct roles these submarines play in the navy.

How Truck-Mounted Howitzers Like Caesar and Atmos Revolutionize Modern Artillery in Ukraine

 French artillery engineers came up with a straightforward yet effective concept: mount a powerful gun on a truck to create cost-efficient, self-propelled artillery. This idea has proven highly effective on the Ukrainian battlefield, prompting Western militaries to reconsider their artillery strategies.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has underscored the importance of long-range artillery, a key focus at the Eurosatory defense show in Paris starting June 17. Charles Beaudouin, a retired French general and head of the event, emphasized the necessity for artillery mobility due to threats from drones and rapid counter-battery fire. He highlighted the KNDS France’s Caesar howitzer, mounted on a truck, as a prime example of this trend.

“The advantage of the wheeled cannon is its maximum efficiency,” Beaudouin told Defense News. “You lose nothing in terms of firepower, rate of fire, precision, or range, and you gain a nimble, stealthy vehicle.”

Beaudouin’s support for the Caesar is well-founded, as at least nine other countries, including the UK and Germany, have invested in self-propelled wheeled howitzers recently, influenced by the Ukrainian experience. Paul Daniels, a defense industry consultant, noted a growing focus on these systems due to their performance in Ukraine.

Modern battlefield threats like loitering munitions and precision-guided shells have highlighted the critical need for mobility, as demonstrated by the Israeli firm Elbit Systems’ Atmos howitzer. These systems can quickly move into position, fire multiple rounds, and relocate swiftly—a tactic known as “shoot and scoot.”

KNDS has reported increased interest in the Caesar, partly due to Russian soldiers’ reports of its effectiveness. The Caesar's agility allows it to evade Russian forces, making it particularly feared.

Drone surveillance in Ukraine has forced artillery crews to camouflage their positions or move immediately after firing to avoid retaliatory strikes. Gen. James Rainey of the U.S. Army Futures Command noted the future battlefield’s sensor saturation will make hiding nearly impossible. The U.S. Army is thus reconsidering its artillery modernization, looking at European wheeled howitzers for their range, mobility, and effectiveness.

Recent advancements in artillery technology have made wheeled systems like the Caesar and Atmos highly desirable. The U.S. Army tested these systems, along with others, for competitive evaluation in 2021, noting their longer range compared to current U.S. and Russian systems.

The demand for these systems has surged due to the immediate need highlighted by the conflict in Ukraine. European countries, among others, have turned to wheeled artillery for their mobility and survivability advantages. Eurosatory will showcase several of these systems, including the new Caesar MkII and various other models.

Truck-mounted artillery has gained global popularity, with countries like Turkey and China developing their own versions. Recent purchases by Belgium, Brazil, the UK, and Germany further underscore the trend towards wheeled systems.

The cost benefits of wheeled over tracked artillery are significant, with lower purchase, operation, and maintenance costs. Wheeled systems also offer greater mobility due to their lighter weight, enhancing their tactical advantages on the battlefield.

The Ukrainian conflict has demonstrated the effectiveness of wheeled artillery in a high-intensity war, with the Caesar and other similar systems proving their worth against traditional tracked artillery. This shift in military strategy highlights the evolving nature of modern warfare and the increasing importance of mobility and rapid response in artillery operations.

NATO Fighter Pilots Hone Dogfighting Skills Amid Rising Tensions with Russia

Last week, over three dozen fighter pilots from nine NATO countries gathered at Ramstein Air Base in Germany for a unique U.S.-led exercise focused on sharpening air-to-air combat skills and enhancing coordination among allies. The "Ramstein 1v1" event saw pilots from the U.S., U.K., Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, and Germany engage in basic fighter maneuvers, commonly known as dogfighting. This high-stakes exercise required pilots to make rapid decisions and demonstrate quick reflexes, utilizing a variety of aircraft, including F-35A Lightning IIs, F-16 Fighting Falcons, Eurofighter Typhoons, French Rafales, F/A-18 Hornets, and A-4 Skyhawks.

This event marked a first for the U.S. Air Forces in Europe, transforming Ramstein, typically a military airlift hub, into a fighter base for the day. Lt. Col. Michael Loringer, USAFE’s chief of weapons and tactics, emphasized the importance of such exercises for building fundamental combat skills, reaction time, physical stamina, and situational awareness. He noted that one-on-one dogfighting is critical for building trust in both a pilot's abilities and their aircraft.

The exercise took place as Russia continues to gain ground in Ukraine, in the third year of the conflict. This context has heightened the focus of the U.S. military and its allies on improving aerial combat skills to prepare for potential conflicts with advanced air forces from Russia and China.

In line with these preparations, the Air Force revived the "William Tell" aerial shooter competition last September after a nearly two-decade hiatus due to high operational demands in the Middle East. Air Combat Command has indicated plans for a 2025 William Tell competition, though dates are not yet confirmed. Additionally, NATO pilots will apply their refined offensive and defensive maneuvers at the upcoming Ramstein Flag exercise in Greece at the end of 2024, according to USAFE Commander Gen. James Hecker.

Despite the preparations, Gen. Hecker expressed a desire to avoid conflict with Russia, stressing the importance of having capable forces to deter aggression. The recent exercise at Ramstein also highlighted cooperation and mutual support among NATO allies. U.S. airmen from RAF Lakenheath in England supported the Royal Norwegian Air Force's F-35s, while the 86th Airlift Wing at Ramstein managed installation support and flight operations.

The exercise emphasized readiness and trust-building, culminating in a day of flying and a piano burning ceremony to honor fallen fighter pilots, a tradition dating back to World War II. Lt. Col. Loringer underscored the significance of trust and teamwork, noting that successful military operations often depend on these critical elements. 

Ukraine Allegedly Strikes Deep Inside Russia: First Airstrike on Belgorod Amid NATO Weapon Support

 For the first time, a Ukrainian warplane has reportedly struck deep into Russian territory, following authorization from several NATO countries for Ukraine to use provided weapons to attack Russian targets. On June 9, a Ukrainian military source informed Sky News about the airstrike on a "Russian command node" in Belgorod, a region in western Russia.

The source, speaking anonymously, stated, "A Ukrainian Air Force mission has struck a Russian command node in Belgorod. Damage assessment is ongoing, but it is confirmed as a direct hit. This is the first UAF air-delivered munition against a target within Russia."

While Belgorod is close to the Ukrainian border,  neither side has officially commented on the alleged attack.

This reported attack coincides with other claims of Ukrainian forces executing a "coordinated strike" on a Russian landing ship that had moved from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. Additionally, Ukrainian media reports suggest that a Su-57 Felon stealth jet was destroyed in a significant combat victory.

The Sky News report did not specify the type of ammunition used in the Belgorod strike or if it was of Western origin. These claims follow statements from NATO countries, including France and the US, that Ukraine could use the provided weapons to hit Russian territory to halt the Russian advance. The US, however, specified that this should be limited to defending Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second-largest city.

The exact missile used in the Belgorod attack is unclear, though Ukraine has utilized the long-range Storm Shadow provided by the UK and its French counterpart, the SCALP-EG. French President Emmanuel Macron has allowed the use of French weapons to neutralize points from which Ukraine is attacked, while the UK foreign secretary has left the decision to Ukraine.

The Russian Ministry of Defense reported shooting down several Ukrainian drones and a Neptune missile in the Belgorod region but did not confirm an air-launched missile attack by Ukrainian warplanes.

While Ukraine has previously attacked Russian territory using modified drones, an attack by a warplane could be seen as a significant escalation by Russia, especially given warnings from Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Putin recently reiterated a warning about arming rivals of Western nations supplying weapons to Ukraine, suggesting that Russia could provide high-precision, long-range missiles to those willing to strike Western targets. He stated, "If they supply weapons to the combat zone and call for using these weapons against our territory, why don’t we have the right to do the same?"

In response to NATO allowing Ukraine to attack Russian territory, Putin threatened to arm other nations with long-range weapons to target Western entities. Moscow has also reaffirmed its readiness to deploy nuclear weapons to protect its sovereignty.

Russian state media host Olga Skabeyeva and Dmitry Medvedev, the former president and current deputy chairman of Russia’s security council, echoed these threats, indicating that Russia could supply advanced weaponry to those opposed to the US and its allies.

Australia Seeks Foreign Shipbuilders for Urgent Frigate Procurement Under Project Sea 3000

 

Australia is urgently seeking foreign shipbuilders to procure general-purpose frigates as part of Project Sea 3000, according to the Defence Department's statement to Defense News. On May 24, the government issued requests for information to shipbuilders from Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Spain. A department spokesperson withheld further details, citing the commercial, procurement, and probity processes still in progress.

The “Enhanced Lethality Surface Combatant Fleet” review, released in February, recommended replacing eight existing Anzac-class frigates with eleven new general-purpose frigates. To expedite this, the initial three frigates will be constructed overseas, with the remainder built in Western Australia.

The review highlighted Germany’s MEKO A-200, Japan’s 30FFM, South Korea’s FFX from the second and third batches, and Spain’s Alfa 3000 as potential candidates. The rationale for grouping the two FFX batches as a single platform was not clarified.

Shipbuilders were given four weeks to respond to the initial request and an additional three weeks to outline how subsequent frigates could be constructed in Australia. The selection process is expected to conclude next year, with the first overseas-built ship to be commissioned by 2030. The fourth through sixth vessels, to be built in Australia, will follow the same design baseline. Decisions on the design of the seventh through eleventh frigates have not yet been made.

By 2026, the Royal Australian Navy's surface combatant fleet will consist of nine hulls, highlighting a capability gap before the new frigates are delivered.

Shipbuilders approached by Defense News declined to provide details on Australia’s procurement effort. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems of Germany confirmed their participation in the tender but refrained from further comment. South Korean shipbuilders Hyundai Heavy Industries, SK Oceanplant, and Hanwha Ocean are currently constructing six Ulsan-class FFX-III vessels, with Hyundai confirming receipt of Australia's request for information.

Hyundai Heavy Industries emphasized its competitive edge in warship construction, highlighting its experience in research and development and the building of the latest Ulsan-class frigate.

Rear Adm. Stephen Hughes, head of naval capabilities for Australia, mentioned at the Combined Naval Event conference in the U.K. on May 23 that the country is leveraging existing designs to expedite the integration of new vessels into the fleet. However, he acknowledged potential challenges since the weapon systems, sensors, and technologies chosen by the original customers of these ships might be unfamiliar to the Royal Australian Navy. Notably, the Saab 9LB combat management system and Australian-made CEA Technologies radars, currently used by the Australian fleet, are not included in these designs.

Hughes described the acquisition process as an opportunity rather than a risk, emphasizing the importance of making informed and wise choices regarding the new designs.

Germany Expands Eurofighter Fleet with New Order of 20 Jets Amid Defense Boost

 Germany has announced plans to purchase an additional 20 Eurofighter combat aircraft, supplementing an existing order of 38 jets. This decision aims to strengthen the nation's defense capabilities and support the aerospace industry, according to Chancellor Olaf Scholz. The announcement was made on the first day of the Berlin Air Show, highlighting how the influx of defense funds, spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, has revitalized the aerospace sector.

The new Eurofighters, with an estimated cost of €2 billion (approximately $2.2 billion), will ensure continuous production for Airbus, the aircraft manufacturer. Scholz hinted at potential future exports of the Eurofighter, developed in collaboration with the UK, Italy, and Spain, suggesting more orders could follow.

Besides these four core countries, the Eurofighter is also part of the air fleets of Austria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar. However, exports to Middle Eastern nations with poor human rights records occasionally cause political tensions in Germany, and by extension, with other European co-producers who are less concerned about such issues. Germany's current stance allows Saudi Arabia to purchase additional Eurofighters through Britain as the intermediary.

Currently, Airbus is producing a batch of 38 Eurofighters in the Quadriga configuration, costing nearly $6 billion, with the final deliveries expected by 2030. Additionally, Germany is collaborating with France and Spain on the Future Combat Air System (FCAS), a next-generation aircraft projected to debut in 2040, though delays seem likely.

To mitigate potential setbacks with the FCAS program, Germany and France are enhancing their existing fleets—Germany with the Eurofighter and France with the Rafale—despite asserting that there is no substitute for the FCAS.

Ukraine Gets Green Light to Use F-16s for Strikes on Russian Territory

 Danish Foreign Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen announced that Ukraine is authorized to use Danish-supplied F-16 fighter jets to strike military targets within Russian territory, provided these actions comply with the rules of war. Speaking on May 30 in Brussels, Rasmussen stressed that as long as the strikes focus on military installations, they remain within international law.

In July 2023, Denmark and the Netherlands formed a "fighter coalition" to support Ukraine, pledging to supply F-16s and offer essential training for Ukrainian pilots and technicians. This decision is part of a broader Western debate about removing restrictions on the use of Western weapons on Russian soil. Despite concerns from Washington and Berlin, Rasmussen emphasized that this initiative is not a "blank check" for indiscriminate attacks but aims to reduce Russia's offensive capabilities.

Russian Ambassador to Denmark, Vladimir Barbin, warned that using Danish weapons on Russian territory could escalate the conflict uncontrollably. Nonetheless, Denmark and several other nations advocate for lifting these restrictions, asserting that Ukraine must defend itself against assaults.

Currently, eleven Western countries, including France, the UK, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Canada, have agreed to permit Ukraine to target military installations within Russian territory using their arms. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz also endorsed this approach after discussions with French President Emmanuel Macron, allowing Ukraine to use Western weapons "within international law" against Russian military bases.

The Danish F-16s, acquired in the 1980s, are advanced multirole fighter jets known for their versatility and sophisticated avionics. They can carry various weapons, including air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles. The F-16s, powered by either Pratt & Whitney F100 or General Electric F110 turbofan engines, achieve speeds over Mach 2 and have a combat radius of about 340 miles with internal fuel, extendable with external tanks and aerial refueling.

Earlier this week, Belgium announced it would supply Ukraine with 30 F-16 fighter jets, with the first deliveries expected this year. This brings the total number of F-16s committed to Ukraine to 85, including contributions from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway. Ukrainian pilots are currently training in the USA, Denmark, and Romania to operate these jets.

Global Advances in Sixth-Generation Fighter Jets: Emerging Technologies and International Collaboration

 Most fighter jets in service worldwide belong to the 4th and 4.5th generations, with over 1,500 fifth-generation fighters currently operational. Numerous fifth-generation aircraft programs are now integrating sixth-generation technologies, which are still developing and are expensive due to their cutting-edge nature. These advancements include enhanced communications, Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities, and extensive data sharing across platforms. A global look at the efforts to develop sixth-generation fighter aircraft reveals various international collaborations.

Many nations, unable to fund these expensive programs independently, are forming consortiums. The F-35 program exemplifies such partnerships. Some countries aim to enhance their defense industries and reduce reliance on American programs. The Global Combat Air Program (GCAP), involving Italy, Japan, and the UK, is a notable example.

The term "generation" in jet fighters refers to stages in design, performance, and technological evolution, though there are no official definitions. Understanding the fifth and sixth generations is crucial.

Fifth-Generation Fighters: The fifth generation began with the F-22 Raptor in 2005, designed for a network-centric combat environment. These fighters have advanced low-observable features, multifunction AESA radars, and integrated sensors for superior situational awareness. Key features include advanced electronic warfare systems, stealth technology, thrust vectoring for enhanced maneuverability, and internal weapon bays to maintain low radar visibility. Examples include the F-35, Russia's SU-57, and China's Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-31.

Sixth-Generation Technologies: These include advanced networking, AI, data fusion, cyber warfare capabilities, and modular designs allowing rapid upgrades. New stealth airframes, high-capacity networking, and integration with various platforms are expected. The Tempest program, led by the UK, Italy, and Sweden, exemplifies these technologies, including AI-supported operations and advanced radar systems.

Global Collaborations: The GCAP aims to merge efforts from the UK, Japan, and Italy to develop a sixth-generation fighter, combining the BAE Systems Tempest and Mitsubishi F-X programs. Development is set to start in 2025, with service induction around 2035. Challenges include harmonizing capabilities across partner nations and ensuring cost-effectiveness.

US NGAD Program: The USAF's Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program aims to succeed the F-22 Raptor with a family of systems, including manned and unmanned aircraft, expected to be operational by the 2030s.

Chinese and Russian Programs: China is advancing its sixth-generation aircraft development, aiming for completion by 2035. Russia, despite the incomplete operationalization of the Su-57, is also pursuing sixth-generation technology, emphasizing AI and automation.

Overall, the development of sixth-generation fighter jets is marked by international collaboration, cutting-edge technology integration, and the aim to maintain air superiority in future combat environments.

UK Decides Fate of Early Typhoon Jets: Scrapping for Parts Amidst Controversy

The UK government has officially declared the destiny of its aging fleet of 30 early production Typhoon jets, known as 'Tranche 1,' putting an end to speculation. Contrary to hopes of repurposing or deploying these jets, the government stands firm on scrapping them for parts. The systematic "Reduce to Produce" program aims to salvage usable components to bolster the spare inventory for the broader Typhoon fleet. This decision has sparked concerns about a potential gap in the country’s defense capability, with debates centering on whether some of these jets should be placed in a war reserve.

Despite suggestions to transfer the Typhoon Tranche 1 jets to Ukraine, logistical challenges and strategic limitations have led to the UK dismissing the idea. Experts highlight issues such as incompatibility with critical missiles, requiring US approval for exports, and challenges in Ukraine's dispersed airbases. The Royal Air Force (RAF) remains confident that the phased withdrawal of these early Typhoon jets will not pose operational challenges, emphasizing the complex considerations involved in supporting Ukraine's defense needs amid the ongoing conflict. 

Greek Military Advancement: US Greenlights Black Hawk Helicopters Amidst Diplomatic Shifts and Turkish Fighter Jet Challenges

The United States has given the green light for the transfer of a significant military package to Greece, including 35 UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters and additional military equipment, with a total value of $1.95 billion. The announcement from the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) on December 15 highlights the depth of strategic cooperation between the two nations. This move is particularly noteworthy as it unfolds against the backdrop of Greece's substantial commitment to bolster its defense capabilities.

The comprehensive deal includes UH-60 M-type (Black Hawk) helicopters along with a range of military armaments such as miniguns, machine guns, rockets, advanced electronic suits, training programs, and logistical support. Lockheed Martin's subsidiary, Sikorsky, will serve as the principal contractor for this significant military transaction.

Greece's Defense Minister, Nikos Dendias, had earlier indicated the nation's intent to increase defense spending by approximately $12.62 billion over the next four years. This commitment aligns with a broader strategy for military modernization, encompassing various procurement initiatives. These include the upgrading of 37 F-16 Block 50 aircraft, the acquisition of at least 20 F-35 fighter jets, and the purchase of 18 Rafale fighter jets from French aerospace giant Dassault Aviation.

The recent agreement for the transfer of UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters signifies a crucial step in Greece's efforts to enhance its military capabilities. The inclusion of advanced electronic suits and cutting-edge training programs underscores the nation's commitment to keeping pace with evolving defense technologies.

In a historic move on December 14, Greece and Turkey, longtime adversaries, announced their intention to rebuild their relationship. The two NATO partners outlined plans to strengthen trade volumes, address longstanding issues in the Aegean Sea, foster good neighborly relations, and explore military confidence-building measures. However, despite this diplomatic thaw, Greece's pursuit of advanced military capabilities continues, as evidenced by the approval of the Black Hawk helicopter deal.

On the other hand, Turkey faces challenges in its quest for F-16 fighter jets from the United States. The prolonged procedure for acquiring F-16 aircraft has led to frustration within the Erdogan administration. Turkey's urgent need for upgraded F-16s, both for practical and strategic reasons, is underscored by the aging state of its current fleet. The procurement of F-16s becomes crucial, especially given the unavailability of F-35 stealth fighters following US sanctions in 2019.

The intricacies of the F-16 acquisition process have prompted Turkey to explore alternatives, including talks with European states for Eurofighter Typhoon jets. Despite facing roadblocks, particularly with Germany's disapproval of the sale, Turkey remains determined to strengthen its air force. The geopolitical dynamics in the region and the delayed decision on F-16s have led to speculation that Ankara might consider turning to rivals Russia and China for its fighter jet requirements.

In summary, Greece's approval for the transfer of Black Hawk helicopters underlines its steadfast commitment to military modernization, while Turkey grapples with challenges in acquiring crucial F-16s from the United States, potentially reshaping the dynamics of military capabilities in the region.

Saudi Arabia Explores Rafale Fighter Jets Amid Eurofighter Typhoon Setback

Saudi Arabia is engaged in negotiations with French aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation to procure the Rafale fighter jet, following challenges in acquiring the Eurofighter Typhoon from Germany. If the deal materializes, Saudi Arabia will bolster its air force with a diverse fleet, including the Rafale, Boeing F-15 SA, and Eurofighter Typhoons, posing a setback to the UK's BAE Systems.

Dassault Aviation's CEO, Eric Trappier, confirmed ongoing negotiations, marking a significant departure as Saudi Arabia traditionally sourced its war jets from the US and the UK. The move comes after Germany, part of the Eurofighter consortium, blocked the sale of Typhoon to Saudi Arabia, citing human rights concerns.

The potential Rafale deal would position Saudi Arabia among the select few air forces operating a varied range of warplanes. The shift may impact BAE Systems' business, given Saudi Arabia's historical association with the UK defense contractor.

This development underscores the geopolitical complexities influencing defense deals and highlights the Rafale's rising export profile, securing its position in the Middle East fighter jet market. As Saudi Arabia navigates its modernization efforts, the outcome of these negotiations will shape the dynamics of the region's military capabilities.

Russia May Fly Military Cargo to Syria: Report------------Defense News

MOSCOW — Russia may decide to fly a controversial military cargo of helicopters and air defense systems to Syria after it abandoned an attempt to ship the material by sea, according to a June 27 report.
The West wants Russia to halt military cooperation with Syria because of the escalating conflict between the Damascus regime and rebels, but Moscow has insisted it cannot break contracts.
A freighter, the Alaed, docked in the Russian Arctic port of Murmansk over the weekend after turning back off the British coast. The ship halted its voyage to Syria to deliver the military cargo when its British insurer dropped coverage.
“The three Mi-25 helicopters and air defense systems could easily be delivered to Syria by air,” a military source, who was not identified, told the Interfax news agency.
“Russia has to fulfill its obligations. But everything will depend on if we can resist pressure from the West, who want us to break military cooperation with Syria,” the source said, adding a decision would be made soon.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov has confirmed the Alaed was carrying three attack helicopters Moscow had repaired for Damascus under a previous agreement.
He said last week the cargo also included air defense systems but gave no further details on the type or quantity on board.
Russia delivers a range of limited air defense systems to Syria but reportedly has refused to provide the more advanced S-300 technology that it had previously also failed to give to Iran under Western pressure.
The Vedomosti business daily reported June 26 that Russia this year chose to withhold the S-300 from Syria, despite a $105 million delivery contract being signed by the system’s producer and Damascus in 2011.
Military experts have speculated that the Alaed was carrying the more basic Russian Buk-M2e air defense systems for Syria, whose forces last week shot down a Turkish warplane off the Syrian coast.
In Murmansk, the Alaed’s flag has been changed to a Russian flag from that of the Caribbean island of Curacao.
But Russia has yet to confirm if the ship will now make a repeat attempt to reach the Syrian port of Tartus or travel on to Russia’s Far East port city of Vladivostok as originally planned.