US Air Force to Arm C-17 Globemaster with Hypersonic Missiles: Boeing Unveils New 'Revolver' Launch System

 The US Air Force's second-largest airlifter, the C-17 Globemaster III, is set to gain significant offensive capabilities. Boeing has introduced the "Revolver" launch system, which will enable the aircraft to launch multiple hypersonic missiles from its cargo bay. This adaptation aligns with the USAF's strategy to enhance the offensive capabilities of airlifters like the C-17 and C-130J, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region where conflicts with China may arise.

The USAF's plan anticipates that cargo and tanker planes will need to provide more than logistical support in potential confrontations with powerful adversaries like Russia or China. The Revolver system is designed to integrate X-51A Waverider hypersonic cruise missiles, allowing the launch of 12 missiles using an advanced drum and electromagnetic catapult mechanism. These missiles, known for their scramjet engines, can exceed Mach 5, offering long-range precision strikes.

Originally intended for the B-52 Stratofortress, the X-51 program involved collaboration among the Air Force, DARPA, NASA, Boeing, and Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. Although the X-51 was scheduled for mid-2020s service, delays have pushed back its deployment.

In 2013, the X-51A achieved a historic hypersonic flight, maintaining scramjet power for three and a half minutes at Mach 5.1. Boeing showcased the Revolver concept in a video, emphasizing its versatility and enhanced capabilities for the C-17.

The C-17, capable of transporting 102 paratroopers, 54 patients, or 85 tons of cargo, is a critical asset for global operations. With the Revolver launcher, it will also serve in missile deployment, enhancing its role in modern military logistics.

Boeing's efforts in hypersonic technology also include the DARPA Glide Breaker program, aiming to develop a hypersonic interceptor prototype. Meanwhile, China's advancements in hypersonic weaponry pose a significant challenge, with the US making substantial investments to close the gap, including a $756 million contract with Lockheed Martin for ground-based hypersonic systems.

The USAF tested a hypersonic cruise missile in the Pacific in March, demonstrating its commitment to remaining competitive. Recent exercises with the C-17 have involved loading and unloading missile cradles, illustrating its flexibility to operate from various airfields.

The Rapid Dragon project explores deploying cruise missiles from cargo planes, allowing C-17s to carry out offensive missions with minimal modifications. This approach is seen as cost-effective, providing strategic advantages by leveraging existing transport fleets.

China is wary of this capability, recognizing the difficulty in tracking cargo planes capable of launching missiles from unexpected locations. Overall, the C-17's transformation into a missile-carrying aircraft exemplifies the evolving strategies in modern warfare, with significant implications for global military dynamics.

Canada Initiates Acquisition of Up to 12 New Submarines for Arctic Defense

 

Canada is initiating the acquisition of up to 12 new conventionally-powered submarines capable of operating under ice. This move, announced by Defence Minister Bill Blair, marks the first step in engaging the industry for this significant defense project.

Given Canada's vast coastline, maintaining robust underwater surveillance is vital for national security and sovereignty. The updated defense policy, "Our North, Strong and Free," highlights the increasing accessibility of the Arctic due to climate change, which is making the region more attractive to foreign actors with military ambitions. By 2050, the Arctic Ocean may become a major shipping route between Europe and East Asia.

The Arctic's growing accessibility has led to increased activity from global competitors seeking access to natural resources and transportation routes. Russian submarines are active in the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific Oceans, while China is rapidly expanding its underwater fleet.

In response to these challenges, the Canadian government is committed to renewing and expanding its submarine fleet. The current fleet of four Victoria-class submarines is aging and costly to maintain. A modern fleet is essential to protect Canada's sovereignty from emerging threats.

Minister Blair announced that Canada is taking the first step in procuring up to 12 new submarines, starting with formal industry engagement. This initiative, part of the Canadian Patrol Submarine Project (CPSP), aims to acquire a larger, modernized fleet to enhance the Royal Canadian Navy's ability to detect and deter maritime threats, control maritime approaches, project power, and maintain a persistent deterrent across all three coasts.

The Department of National Defence is meeting with manufacturers and potential partners as part of the CPSP. A formal Request for Information (RFI) will be posted in fall 2024 to gather information on procurement, construction, delivery, and operational capabilities. This RFI will also explore establishing a submarine sustainment capability in Canada, fostering strategic partnerships for personnel training and information sharing.

Canada's new submarines must meet key requirements, including stealth, lethality, persistence, and Arctic deployability. These capabilities will ensure Canada can effectively detect, track, deter, and, if necessary, defeat adversaries in all three oceans while supporting allies globally.

The procurement of up to 12 submarines is essential for defending Canada's three coasts. The federal government is eager to collaborate with industry to deliver world-class submarines.

“As the country with the longest coastline in the world, Canada needs a new fleet of submarines,” said Minister Blair. “This new fleet will protect our sovereignty and contribute significantly to the security of our partners and NATO Allies.”

The Arctic region is becoming more accessible, leading to increased Russian and Chinese activity. In response, the Canadian government has committed $8.1 billion over five years and $73 billion over 20 years for new defense spending, which includes renewing the submarine fleet, acquiring vehicles for icy terrains, enhancing patrol vessels, and other key defense upgrades. Canada’s current fleet of Victoria-class submarines, purchased from the UK in 1998, will be modernized into the mid-to-late 2030s.

Japan Unveils Footage of Hypersonic Missile Test for Island Defense

 

Japan has taken a significant step in bolstering its defense capabilities by successfully testing the Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile (HVGP). This hypersonic missile test was conducted by the Acquisition Technology and Logistics Agency (ATLA) of Japan's Ministry of Defense (MoD) on March 23, 2024, in the United States. The test, which was publicly announced last week, showcased the HVGP as a “High-Speed Gliding Missile for Island Defense,” categorizing it within the boost-glide vehicle class.

The HVGP is part of Japan’s strategic effort to counter the growing hypersonic threats from China, Russia, and North Korea. Hypersonic weapons, capable of traveling at speeds greater than five times the speed of sound and maneuvering during flight, pose a significant challenge to current missile defense systems. Japan’s HVGP is scheduled for deployment by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) in the fiscal year 2026.

Development of the HVGP began in 2018, aiming for completion by 2025. However, due to escalating regional threats, mass production started early in 2023. The missile will be developed in phases, with the initial “Early Deployment Version (Block 1)” tested recently. Future versions, “Enhanced Capability Version (Block 2A)” and “Enhanced Capability Version (Block 2B),” are planned to extend the missile’s range to 2,000 km and 3,000 km, respectively, by the fiscal years 2027 and 2030.

The HVGP’s design allows it to be launched from a truck-mounted booster, with the warhead separating mid-flight to glide towards its target. This design enhances its agility and makes it difficult to intercept. The primary guidance system is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), with an inertial navigation system as a backup. Future enhancements may include radio-frequency imaging and infrared homing for engaging moving targets.

Japan has been proactively working on hypersonic standoff systems, including the Hypersonic Cruise Missile (HCM) and the HVGP, to strengthen its defense posture. Japan's defense minister, Yasukazu Hamada, has emphasized the importance of these developments in response to increasing military threats from neighboring countries. The HVGP is expected to serve as a crucial component in defending Japan’s isolated islands and maintaining regional stability.

The recent test aimed to evaluate the HVGP’s fundamental propulsion, materials, and electronic systems. Further tests are necessary to confirm the system’s full operational capabilities. The HVGP could potentially be adapted for anti-ship roles, providing a versatile defense tool against various threats. Japan's proactive steps in hypersonic missile development reflect its commitment to enhancing national security and maintaining a technological edge in the region.

Could Israel Acquire F-22 Raptors as the US Air Force Retires Them?

 

The US Air Force (USAF) plans to retire its older F-22 Raptors in 2024, deeming upgrades too costly. However, Israel, a key ally, might find value in acquiring these fifth-generation fighter jets despite upgrade expenses surpassing $2 billion. 

Unlike the widely exported F-35, the F-22 has only been operated by the US due to a 1990s Congressional ban aimed at preventing its advanced stealth technology from reaching adversaries like Russia and China.

Former President Donald Trump once considered selling the F-22 to Israel to maintain its military edge, especially after agreeing to sell F-35s to the UAE. With the USAF seeking to redirect funds from retiring Block 20 F-22s to new projects like hypersonic missile development and the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) fighter, 32 out of 185 F-22s are set for storage. Despite operational costs of $485 million annually, experts argue that transferring these aircraft to Israel would bolster US allies against threats from Iran, Russia, and China.

National security analyst Brandon J. Weichert suggests that selling F-22s to Israel could help reopen production lines, reduce costs, and sustain the jet's long-term viability. The F-22, although not designed for export, offers unparalleled capabilities, as demonstrated in exercises like Northern Edge 2006, where it achieved a 108-to-zero kill ratio against top fighter jets.

Developed under the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the F-22 Raptor is a single-seat, twin-engine stealth fighter with superior air-to-air and ground attack capabilities. Despite its high cost and certain limitations, such as a relatively short range and small weapons magazine, the F-22 remains a formidable asset. The USAF originally planned to procure 750 units but scaled down to 187 by 2009, with the last delivery in 2012.

As the USAF considers the future of its F-22 fleet, transferring some of these aircraft to Israel could ensure the US remains strategically prepared with well-armed allies, particularly amid growing global tensions.

China's 'Monster' Coast Guard Vessel Anchors in Philippine Waters, Escalating South China Sea Tensions

 In a move considered "intimidation" by Philippine officials, China has anchored its enormous coast guard vessels within the Philippines' exclusive economic zone (EEZ), heightening tensions in the South China Sea. On July 3, the China Coast Guard vessel CCG-5901 anchored near Sabina Shoal in the Spratly Islands, about 130 kilometers northwest of the Philippine island of Palawan. This vessel remained in place as of July 6.

The Philippine Coast Guard quickly warned the Chinese vessel and questioned its intentions. Jay Tarriela, the spokesperson for the Philippine Coast Guard, emphasized that the Philippines would not back down from its territorial claims in the South China Sea. “It’s an intimidation on the part of the China Coast Guard,” Tarriela stated. “We’re not going to pull out, and we’re not going to be intimidated.”

China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, during a regular press briefing, denied the Philippines' claim that the area was within its EEZ. Spokesperson Lin Jian stated, “China’s military and police ships patrolling and enforcing the law in the waters near Xianbin Jiao comply with China’s domestic law and international law,” using the Chinese name for the Sabina Shoal.

China asserts "indisputable sovereignty" over almost the entire South China Sea, leading to overlapping claims with several countries, including the Philippines. Despite a 2016 ruling by an international tribunal in The Hague favoring the Philippines and rejecting China's broad claims, Beijing continues to enforce its territorial ambitions through its coast guard and militia boats.

Over the past year, China Coast Guard ships, often supported by militia boats, have been involved in numerous incidents, resulting in damage to Philippine vessels and injuries to Filipino sailors. The CCG-5901, with its significant size and firepower, frequently leads China's efforts to assert control. Last year, this vessel was deployed near Vanguard Bank, a contentious area between Vietnam and China, highlighting its role in regional power dynamics.

China's coast guard vessels, dubbed "The Monster," are the largest of their kind globally. At 541 feet in length and displacing 12,000 tons, these vessels dwarf most other coast guard ships, including those of the United States. Their impressive size and capabilities make them pivotal in China's strategy of intimidation and control over disputed waters.

The BRP Teresa Magbanua, the largest and most advanced vessel in the Philippine Coast Guard, has been stationed at Sabina Shoal since April to counter the presence of Chinese maritime militias. Measuring 97 meters, it is considerably smaller than the Chinese CCG-5901 but remains a crucial asset for the Philippines. Despite its size, the Teresa Magbanua will continue to patrol and ensure the security of Philippine waters.

Philippine Coast Guard officials have stated that while the Teresa Magbanua is vital to their operations, it is not meant to be a permanent outpost but rather a patrol vessel safeguarding Philippine sovereignty. This stance reflects the broader regional tensions and the ongoing struggle for control and influence in the South China Sea.

India to Test US-Made Stryker AFVs for Enhanced Border Defense Against China

India is set to evaluate the US-made Stryker Armored Fighting Vehicle (AFV) to boost its defense capabilities against potential threats along its northern and western borders. The Stryker AFV has seen extensive use in global conflicts, most recently in Ukraine. Indian media reports indicate that the Indian Army will soon test these vehicles in desert terrains and the high-altitude region of Ladakh. Defense establishment sources reveal that the Indian Army aims to acquire around 530 armored fighting vehicles.

Following the 2+2 ministerial consultations in November 2023 between India and the US, a senior US defense official announced plans for the US and India to collaborate on producing Stryker AFVs for India. Although no official agreement has been signed, sources suggest that negotiations are at an advanced stage. Last month, Indian National Security Advisor Ajit Doval and US National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan discussed the AFVs.

India is expected to make a limited off-the-shelf purchase of Strykers through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route. Subsequently, joint production of the vehicles is likely to take place in India under the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET). The Stryker is under consideration because Indian vendors have not met the required qualitative standards (QR).

However, the Stryker has some technical limitations that are being assessed. Concerns have been raised about the 350-horsepower Caterpillar C7 engine's performance at high altitudes due to thin air. To address this, the US has offered to replace it with a 750-horsepower Cummins Advanced Combat Engine, providing a significant upgrade.

With an eye on China’s People's Liberation Army near the disputed border, India needs an advanced, battle-tested armored vehicle for high-altitude terrains like Eastern Ladakh. The Indian Army, seeking to modernize its Russian-origin BMP-II amphibious infantry fighting vehicles, plans to replace them with wheeled and tracked Infantry Combat Vehicles. The Strykers are likely to be deployed in high-altitude areas along the border with China, such as Eastern Ladakh and Sikkim. Since the 2020 conflict, India has emphasized the need for light tanks and more armored combat vehicles to navigate the challenging high-altitude terrain.

Opinions about the Stryker in India are divided. Some military experts believe the vehicle will strengthen India’s arsenal against the PLA, while others argue that India already has the indigenous capability with the Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP). Although the WhAP has demonstrated its capabilities with multiple turrets, a sight system, and a fire control system, some defense sources argue that it lacks comprehensive sight systems, fire control systems, and weaponry.

If approved, the Stryker’s capabilities will need modifications to suit high-altitude regions like Eastern Ladakh. Proponents emphasize the Stryker's versatility, mobility, and flexibility as suitable for India’s needs. They also note similarities between the US Stryker and the Chinese armored vehicle VN22, highlighting the strategic importance of acquiring such technology.

Combatant Commanders require a brigade that can be quickly and strategically deployed, and Indian officials believe the Stryker meets this need. It is lighter and easier to move compared to larger tanks like the T-72 and T-90 in the Indian arsenal. The Stryker, while not as strong as tanks, can operate in various terrains like snow, mud, and sand.

The Stryker has been combat-tested in Iraq, Afghanistan, and more recently in Ukraine against Russian forces, proving its reliability and effectiveness in various combat situations. 

Japan Unveils Future Destroyer with Game-Changing Electromagnetic Railgun Technology

 In October 2023, Japan achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first nation to successfully test-fire a medium-caliber maritime electromagnetic railgun from an offshore platform. Following this success, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is now considering the development of a new class of destroyers equipped with electromagnetic railguns.

The 13DDX future destroyer concept, developed by the Ministry of Defense’s Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA), gained momentum after the successful railgun tests. In May 2024, Vice Admiral Imayoshi Shinichi, ATLA’s Director General of Naval Systems, presented the ambitious plans for the 13DDX at the Combined Naval Event 2024 in Farnborough, UK, where he discussed the future destroyer and submarine projects of the JMSDF.

According to ATLA, the 13DDX—Air Defense Destroyer will be equipped with advanced systems including Rail Guns, Active SAMs, High-Power Lasers, High-speed Maneuvering Target Detection Radar, HPM Weapons, a Fire Control Network, IPES (Downsizing Large-Capacity GEN), AI-based CDS, Autonomous Navigation, Automated Damage Control, and modular mission capabilities.

The 13DDX will also feature directed energy weapons (DEW) and a new multifunction radar optimized for detecting high-speed targets. It will incorporate elements from the JMSDF’s Asahi-class destroyers and Mogami-class frigates.

In early 2022, the Japanese Ministry of Defense decided to develop an electromagnetic weapon system to intercept hypersonic missiles. By 2023, ATLA successfully tested this system, marking the first maritime railgun test ever conducted. Railguns use electromagnetic energy to fire projectiles at speeds around Mach 7, targeting ships, missiles, and aircraft without the need for gunpowder or explosive propellants.

A railgun can theoretically fire a projectile the size of a bowling ball fast enough to destroy a small building over long distances. Due to their significant power requirements, railguns are typically large and not portable, though there are proposals to adapt this technology for non-weapon uses such as launching aircraft and spacecraft.

The medium-sized electromagnetic railgun prototype developed by ATLA, first seen in May 2023, can fire 40mm steel rounds weighing 320g (0.7lb). The railgun uses five megajoules (MJ) of charge energy to fire bullets at speeds around 2,230m/s (Mach 6.5). ATLA aims to eventually operate the railgun on 20 MJ of charge energy.

Japan plans to deploy the railgun both on land and at sea. Initially, the Aegis Ashore land-based system was intended to enhance ballistic missile interception capabilities, but this plan was abandoned in 2020. The development and testing of railguns come as Japan seeks to counter the threat from hypersonic weapons developed by China, North Korea, and Russia.

Admiral Shinichi emphasized the need to enhance Japan’s long-range air defense capabilities in response to the challenging security environment and growing anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities of other countries.

Japan is accelerating the development of formidable firepower due to the tense geopolitical landscape in East Asia. In May 2024, Japan entered a railgun cooperation agreement with France and Germany to jointly explore and deploy this advanced technology. Meanwhile, China faced setbacks in its own electromagnetic hypersonic railgun testing.

Japan is bolstering its defense capabilities with the development of the 13DDX and its electromagnetic railgun technology, signaling a new era in naval warfare. Japan also plans to mount railguns on land-based trucks, creating a mobile defense network capable of intercepting hypersonic missiles. As tensions rise in the Indo-Pacific region, the world will be watching Japan’s naval transformation closely.

US Air Force Advances Next-Gen Air Dominance with Anduril and General Atomics CCA Funding

 The US Air Force (USAF) has decided to continue funding Anduril and General Atomics for detailed design, manufacturing, and testing of near-prototype platforms under the Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) program. This marks a significant step towards enhancing the Air Force's next-generation air dominance capabilities. The CCA program is a critical part of the USAF’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) Family of Systems, which aims to maintain air superiority with a mix of manned and unmanned systems, reducing human risk, lowering costs, and increasing efficiency.

CCA is a US program for unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) designed to work in tandem with next-generation manned aircraft, such as sixth-generation fighters and bombers like the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider. Unlike traditional UCAVs, CCAs incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance their battlefield survivability, offering a more affordable alternative to manned aircraft with similar capabilities.

From 2023 to 2028, the USAF plans to invest over $6 billion in CCA programs. Success in this initiative could reduce the need for additional manned squadrons, balancing affordability with capability. CCAs will elevate human pilots to mission commanders, with AI handling tactical control of cost-effective robotic craft. These multi-role aircraft can be modular, performing various tasks such as sensors, shooters, and weapons carriers, and potentially acting as decoys or aerial refuelers.

The CCA program will integrate AI and autonomy to complete missions without constant human intervention, enhancing situational awareness, lethality, and survivability in contested environments. DARPA’s Longshot UAV, which extends mission range and reduces risks to manned aircraft, is an example of such technology.

Two years ago, the USAF announced its intent and broad requirements for the desired CCA. As part of the 2024 budget, contracts have been awarded to Anduril and General Atomics, with nearly twenty other companies remaining as potential industry partners. The program aims to make production decisions by 2026 and operationalize the systems by 2030, including international partnerships to achieve economies of scale and interoperability with NATO and other allies.

Initial production contracts could include at least 1,000 CCAs, potentially pairing two CCAs with each of the 200 NGAD platforms and the 300 F-35s. The CCAs will enhance the USAF’s capability to counter growing aerial threats, particularly from China, by performing complex tasks such as electronic warfare and aerial combat.

DARPA’s Air Combat Evolution (ACE) program is a key contributor to the CCA initiative. ACE aims to increase trust in combat autonomy through human-machine collaborative aerial engagements. It applies AI to realistic dogfighting scenarios and scales autonomous dogfighting to more complex, multi-aircraft operational-level simulations, preparing for future live experimentation in Mosaic Warfare.

General Atomics plans to build the CCA using components from the MQ-9 Reaper, with the project still in its initial stages. Anduril, which acquired Blue Force Technologies and its “Fury” stealthy aggressor drone program, is another major player. Their designs, such as General Atomics’ “Gambit” and Anduril’s “Fury,” will leverage digital engineering and AI to enhance air dominance.

The CCA program represents a pivotal shift in aerial combat, leveraging AI and autonomous systems to create a cost-effective, powerful air force. With a planned investment of $6 billion through 2028, the USAF aims to deploy CCAs at a large scale, enhancing the safety and performance of current and future fighter fleets in response to proliferating hostile stealth fighters.

China Revolutionizes Aerial Surveillance with Advanced Weather Radar Technology

 

Chinese scientists may have achieved a significant breakthrough in aerial surveillance by upgrading ordinary weather radars to detect even the smallest airborne objects. This innovative radar technology allows the detection of tiny high-altitude balloons with the same precision as spotting an F-35 stealth fighter jet, according to claims by the Hong Kong "South China Morning Post."

This advancement transforms weather radars, traditionally unable to detect such small, slow-moving objects, into highly effective surveillance tools. This capability poses potential security concerns for other nations, including the US and India.

The new technology, which only requires a software upgrade for existing weather radars, is both cost-effective and efficient. This means that China can enhance its aviation monitoring and national defense capabilities without significant investment in new hardware.

This upgrade enables weather radars to continue their primary function of weather forecasting while also monitoring small airborne objects, marking a major technological advancement. In the context of the competitive global technological landscape, this achievement underscores China's prowess in innovation.

The development is timely, considering the growing contest for aerial dominance. In early 2023, a Chinese "weather balloon" traversed the US, causing a media frenzy and embarrassing the US military, which initially failed to detect it.

Understanding the Threat: Spy Balloons

Spy balloons have a longstanding history in espionage, offering unique advantages despite the prevalence of satellites. These advanced balloons, equipped with high-tech imaging gear, can provide close-range monitoring and intercept communications. Unlike satellites, which orbit rapidly, these balloons hover at lower altitudes, capturing clearer images.

Chinese researchers have highlighted the military uses of such balloons, including creating false air situations, deploying weapons, and conducting psychological warfare and reconnaissance.

China's "Spy Balloons" in US Skies

In January 2023, a large Chinese balloon entered US airspace, initially undetected by the US military. Public pressure led to the deployment of fighter jets to track the balloon, which was eventually shot down in February 2023. Subsequent investigations revealed the balloon was transmitting navigation data back to China using an American internet service provider.

Threat to Other Countries

China's surveillance efforts extend beyond the US. Countries like Japan and India have reported mysterious aerial objects, suspected to be Chinese spy balloons. China has established its Near-Space Command, utilizing drones, robotics, and spy balloons for high-altitude surveillance under the Central Military Commission.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF), a covert unit of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), operates spy balloons and other surveillance technologies. The SSF runs tracking and command stations worldwide and has a fleet of space support ships.

The Biden administration has accused China of running a military-linked aerial surveillance program targeting over 40 countries. The US and its allies, including Japan and Taiwan, have reported multiple instances of suspected Chinese spy balloons in their airspace.

In November 2023, an unidentified flying object near Imphal airport in Manipur, India, led to the mobilization of fully loaded Rafale jets, highlighting the heightened state of alert regarding potential aerial threats from China.

Conclusion

The implications are clear: aerial surveillance has entered a new phase. While the US and other nations work to improve their detection capabilities, China has surged ahead, converting simple weather radars into advanced surveillance systems. This development signals a new era in aerial espionage, with China significantly altering the landscape of aerial security and surveillance.

China Captures US Anti-Submarine Device Deployed by US Navy's P-8A Poseidon in South China Sea

 The U.S. Navy's advanced P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft recently deployed a hydroacoustic buoy in the South China Sea, which has reportedly been retrieved by Chinese forces. This buoy, designed for submarine detection, poses significant concerns over potential reverse engineering by China, which has a history of replicating American technology.

A video posted by Yuyuan Tantian, a social media account linked to the state-run China Central Television, shows what appears to be a U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon dropping multiple cylindrical devices into the sea. Reports suggest that one of these devices fell near the Second Thomas Shoal in the Spratly Islands, an area contested by the Philippines and China and the site of recent clashes.

Following the incident, the China Coast Guard quickly arrived to retrieve and inspect the unidentified electronic devices, according to Yuyuan Tantian. The video further shows labels on an electronic device identifying Ultra Electronics, a UK-based defense contractor, as the manufacturer. Ultra Electronics specializes in producing radars and electronic warfare products, including sonobuoys.

Sonobuoys are specialized buoys equipped with acoustic sensors designed to detect submarines. When deployed from aircraft like the P-8 Poseidon, they form a network of listening devices that monitor underwater sounds. Passive sonobuoys listen for sounds emitted by submarines, while active sonobuoys emit sound pulses and listen for echoes from objects, including submarines. These devices descend to a predetermined depth using a parachute and then activate their sensors. The data collected is transmitted back to the P-8 Poseidon via radio signals for analysis.

Reverse engineering a captured U.S. sonobuoy could reveal crucial details about American anti-submarine warfare technology. Key areas of interest include the sonobuoy's sensor technology, data processing, communication with the P-8 Poseidon, power management, and any unique software or algorithms used for signal processing and data encryption.

It's challenging to verify China's claims about capturing the sonobuoy, and the specific type of sonobuoy captured remains unknown. Common sonobuoys used by the P-8 Poseidon include the AN/SSQ-53F DIFAR, AN/SSQ-62E DICASS, AN/SSQ-101 ADAR, and the AN/SSQ-125 MAC. These devices, made by companies like Ultra Electronics, Sparton Corporation, Lockheed Martin, and ERAPSCO, provide sophisticated capabilities for detecting and tracking submarines.

Germany and Spain Compete for Indian Navy Submarine Deal with Advanced AIP Technology

 

The Indian Navy's pursuit of fuel cell-based Air Independent Propulsion (AIP)-equipped conventional submarines is moving forward, albeit slowly. Currently, the Navy is evaluating two submarines for its advanced diesel-electric submarine needs, but only one has proven and validated technology. The Indian Navy is conducting field evaluation trials of the AIP technology developed by Spanish shipbuilder Navantia at Cartagena.

This technology has yet to be integrated into the S80 submarine offered to the Indian Navy, although a submarine of this class has already been inducted into the Spanish Navy without AIP technology. Navantia claims that its submarine design meets 'almost' all technical requirements of the P-75I without needing redesign.

Navantia's AIP system for the S80 produces over 300 kW of power, which can be directly applied to P75(I) without scaling up, thus reducing major risks for the Indian Navy. Factory testing of the AIP technology has been completed, simulating actual submarine mission conditions at the Cartagena Shipyard.

Navantia states that the S80 offered to the Indian Navy incorporates the latest technologies, such as Generation BEST AIP (Bio-ethanol Stealth Technology) and an advanced sensor suite. This third-generation AIP system uses hydrogen produced on board from bioethanol instead of stored hydrogen, allowing submarines to sail for up to three weeks submerged with minimal detectable signatures.

The Indian Navy also requires AIP technology combined with Lithium-ion batteries, enabling submarines to operate at high speeds without compromising their position. Navantia and its Indian partner, Larsen and Toubro (L&T), are not collaborating with another partner for proven Lithium-ion battery technology for this project.

Navantia's first submarine equipped with AIP BEST technology is expected to be operational by 2026. However, experts estimate that the AIP system will be ready for operational deployment in about three years, pending further laboratory tests and simulations.

Another submarine under consideration by India is already proven and used by several frontline navies. Recently, a submarine from this class completed a rare voyage under the Arctic ice. This submarine, the Arpão (S161), built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in Germany, is based on the export-optimized Type 214 design.

ThyssenKrupp has offered India its 214-class submarines, which combine advanced technologies from the 212 CD submarines with the latest AIP developments. These submarines, tailored to the Indian Navy's requirements, will feature Lithium-ion batteries, advanced sensor and combat systems, and enhanced stealth capabilities.

The 212 and 214-class submarines' AIP technology, powered by hydrogen fuel cells, allows for extended submerged operations and silent running, enhancing stealth. These submarines can operate silently, launch torpedoes stealthily, and have countermeasures against torpedoes, providing increased operational flexibility.

The Indian Navy is currently strengthening its undersea fleet, as evidenced by a recent exercise in the Arabian Sea involving eight submarines. Despite challenges such as dwindling fleet numbers and aging submarines, the Navy is pushing forward with plans to build six more conventional diesel submarines under Project-75 I.

However, the Chinese Navy's rapid expansion poses a significant challenge. China has been continuously deploying at least one nuclear-armed submarine at sea and is providing advanced submarine technology to Pakistan. In response, the Indian Navy is enhancing its capabilities to maintain strategic balance in the region.

The Indian Navy's adoption of AIP technology will enhance its fleet's capabilities, putting it in a better position against regional threats. While the Navy considers whether to proceed with proven technology or wait for the deployment of Navantia's AIP BEST technology on an operational submarine, the decision will significantly impact India's undersea defense strategy.

Western Sanctions Fail to Diminish Russian Military-Industrial Output Amid Ukraine Conflict

 

Despite extensive sanctions and significant efforts, Western nations have been unable to effectively undermine Russia's military-industrial complex. This issue extends beyond electronic components, which continue to reach Russia through alternative and more costly routes despite export restrictions. The production of shells, missiles, armored vehicles, and drones has surged, enabling President Vladimir Putin to persist in his aggressive campaign against a neighboring country.

Experts from the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), Jack Watling and Gary Somerville, attribute the West's failure to halt Russia’s military operations to a lack of a unified approach during the initial sanction phase, among other factors.

A significant issue is Europe’s lack of infrastructure to enforce sanctions effectively, unlike the United States. Europe has historically treated sanctions more as a regulatory tool rather than economic warfare, aiming to shame rather than significantly disrupt harmful activities.

Despite the concerted efforts of Ukraine's international allies, Russia continues to obtain nitrocellulose from Germany, Turkey, and Taiwan. Additionally, it sources other essential raw materials for explosives globally, allowing rapid escalation in ammunition production. Since the war began, Russia has significantly increased its production of:

• 152-mm artillery shells: Increasing production by 5.3 times, from 250,000 per year to an expected 1.325 million in 2024. Around 800,000 122-mm shells are expected this year.
• Grad multiple launch rocket systems: Production will increase by 15.2 times, from 33,000 to over 500,000 shells. The Uragan system will see a 6.1 times increase, from 2,800 in 2023 to 17,000 this year.
• Kh-101 cruise missiles: Production has increased from 56 units in 2021 to a projected 420 units in 2023, aiming for 460 units.
• 9M723 Iskander missiles: Production has more than tripled, rising from 50 in reserve at the start of 2023 to 180 within a year.
• Iranian Shahed-136 drones: Production has surged 6.3 times, with collaborative production in Russia and Iran now exceeding 250 units monthly.

Estimating armored vehicle production in Russia is challenging. In 2024, Russia is projected to produce around 1,500 tanks and 3,000 other armored vehicles, with 85% being refurbished from existing stocks. The production of new armored vehicles is also increasing, with the Kurgan Machine-Building Plant's BMP-3 units production recorded at 100, 108, 120, and 135 units quarterly in 2023.

Russian manufacturers have adapted to losing access to Thales’ thermal imagers from France by substituting them with Chinese and Belarusian alternatives. These conversions require machine modifications, but significant imports from the United States, Europe, Taiwan, and other countries continue, including essential software updates.

The importation of dual-use goods critical to Russia's military-industrial strength has surged since President Putin met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in March 2023, according to a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Deliveries of helicopter parts, navigation systems, and precision machinery for weapons and aircraft components have jumped from a few thousand to nearly 30,000 monthly, enabling the Kremlin to expedite the production of armaments like armored vehicles, artillery, missiles, and drones. This boost has fortified their defenses during the Ukrainian counteroffensive in 2023, explained CSIS senior fellow Max Bergmann.

North Korea Tests Multi-Warhead Missile, Escalating Regional Tensions

 On June 27, North Korea announced that it successfully tested a multi-warhead missile, a development that could pose significant threats to South Korea, Japan, and the United States if confirmed. This test is seen as an attempt by North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong Un, to evade missile defenses in South Korea and the US, fulfilling his long-standing ambition for a multi-warhead missile.

The announcement from North Korean state media, KCNA, contradicted South Korea’s assessment of a failed weapon test from the previous day. KCNA reported that the test on June 26 involved the separation and guidance control of individual mobile warheads, marking a significant step in advancing missile technologies.

The test aimed to secure Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability, enabling the delivery of multiple warheads to different targets. The missile’s decoy was detected by radar, and the mobile warheads were successfully guided to three target coordinates.

Reports indicate that North Korea used a modified Hwasong-16 booster for a shortened-range test to validate the release of independent warheads. This test, the first of its kind for North Korea, is considered a preliminary step by international observers.

KCNA quoted the North Korean Missile Administration, highlighting the test as part of a full-scale effort to enhance missile capabilities and technologies. Kim Jong Un has listed a multi-warhead missile among his priorities, alongside hypersonic weapons, spy satellites, solid-fuel ICBMs, and submarine-launched nuclear missiles, all of which are in various development stages.

This development is particularly significant amid rising tensions between North Korea and NATO, especially after North Korea’s provocative actions, such as sending waste-filled balloons across the 39th parallel and issuing multiple warnings against US-South Korea cooperation.

Recently, North Korea revived defense cooperation with Russia, hosting Russian President Vladimir Putin and signaling readiness to send troops to fight in Ukraine. Amid this backdrop, the MIRV test gains critical importance, potentially elevating North Korea’s threat level, especially if the warheads are nuclear.

Despite international sanctions, North Korea is believed to have assembled 40-50 nuclear warheads. In November, Kim Jong Un urged exponential nuclear weapon production and aligning with nations opposing the US in a “New Cold War.”

North Korea’s test follows India’s recent MIRV test, which unsettled its nuclear-armed neighbors, Pakistan and China. Unlike South Korea, which lacks nuclear weapons, this development significantly heightens the threat.

MIRVs can overwhelm missile defenses by deploying multiple warheads simultaneously, making interception more difficult. This sophisticated technology requires advanced capabilities, which some US critics believe North Korea might be receiving from Russia, given their military exchanges.

While the world advocates for nuclear non-proliferation, the development of MIRV technology has faced criticism. Hans Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists expressed concerns about the increasing number of countries acquiring MIRV capabilities, warning that it could escalate nuclear tensions.

Similar concerns apply to North Korea, which has issued several nuclear threats. The Washington-based Wilson Center noted that MIRVs would significantly undermine US defense capabilities against a North Korean nuclear strike.

US Marines Successfully Conduct First Overseas Ship-to-Shore Operations with New Amphibious Combat Vehicles in Okinawa

 

On June 24, 2024, the US Marine Corps conducted its first overseas ship-to-shore operations with the new Amphibious Combat Vehicles (ACVs) at the White Beach Naval Facility in Okinawa, Japan. This event also marked the debut of the ACVs for the Marines stationed in Okinawa. The Marines and sailors from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) reached White Beach, partly traveling on the newly deployed ACVs.

The 15th MEU embarked on the amphibious dock landing ship USS Harpers Ferry (LSD 49) and arrived at White Beach on June 18 for a port visit and essential sustainment training. During the operation, personnel boarded the ACVs, which emerged from the well deck of the Harpers Ferry. Boats from the 3rd Expeditionary Operations Training Group then transferred personnel to a pier, simulating safety egress procedures.

After the personnel transfer, the ACV Platoon navigated through the boat basin to come ashore at White Beach for maintenance.

Lt. Col. Nick Freeman, commanding officer of BLT 1/5, 15th MEU, noted that while the training was standard, it was significant as the first overseas ship-to-shore deployment of ACVs. He highlighted the ongoing training at various locations to refine the use of ACVs in their intended environments.

Prior to the ship-to-shore movement, the Marines showcased the ACVs on the Harpers Ferry to other Marine units and members of the Japan Self-Defense Force. Rear Adm. Chris Stone, commander of Task Force 76 and Expeditionary Strike Group 7, praised the ACVs as a "force multiplier" that enhances operational flexibility and response capabilities in maritime environments.

The ACVs' first operational deployment occurred in May during the Balikatan exercise in the Philippines, where they were used in live-fire exercises. The ACV platoon launched from the USS Harpers Ferry, organized into assault sections, and engaged shore-based targets using their Remote Weapons Systems with Mark 19 40 mm grenade machine guns.

The US Marine Corps is transitioning to the ACV to replace the older amphibious assault vehicles, following a tragic accident in 2020 that resulted in the deaths of eight Marines and a Navy corpsman. Developed by BAE Systems, the ACV has faced challenges, including rollovers during training exercises, which led to operational restrictions.

The Marine Corps has identified inadequate training on the ACV’s operational differences from its predecessor as a cause of these incidents. The ACV features wheels instead of tracks, a flatter hull, and a smaller size. Concerns have been raised about the ACV's wheeled design not providing a speed advantage over the older tracked vehicles in water. The Marine Corps aims to address this with a "Phase 2" ACV that may meet performance requirements.

Despite these challenges, the eight-wheeled ACV significantly enhances the Marine Corps' capability to transport troops to shore, navigating through surf during assaults and landings. This deployment marks a critical step in modernizing the Marine Corps' capabilities in the Pacific theater, a strategic focus as they prepare for potential large-scale conflicts where amphibious operations will be crucial.

Philippines Seeks Urgent Talks with China Amid South China Sea Tensions Over Sierra Madre Outpost

The Philippines is urgently seeking to schedule a call with China to address rising tensions in the South China Sea, according to the country's ambassador to the US. The conflict centers around the Sierra Madre, a decaying World War II-era ship grounded on the Second Thomas Shoal, which the Philippines uses as an outpost and resupplies monthly.

Despite a 2016 UN ruling against China's territorial claims, China asserts the area as its own and has increasingly harassed Filipino supply ships. This harassment escalated on June 17 when Chinese sailors boarded Filipino vessels, damaging equipment and injuring eight personnel. One Filipino lost his thumb, leading to a hospital visit from President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., who recently stated that a Filipino death in such confrontations would be considered "very close" to an act of war.

Such a scenario could invoke the mutual defense treaty with the US, potentially involving America in the conflict. US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin affirmed America's strong commitment to the treaty but did not provide further comments.

Philippines Ambassador Jose Manuel Romualdez, speaking to reporters in Washington, noted that efforts are underway to de-escalate tensions, including scheduling a call with Chinese counterparts by early July. He emphasized the need for a frank discussion with China to reduce tensions.

Romualdez also confirmed that the Philippines has reinforced the Sierra Madre to improve conditions for stationed soldiers, despite China's objections. He reiterated that the Philippines has no plans to abandon the outpost.

On Wednesday, Austin reaffirmed America's support for the Philippines in a call with his Manila counterpart. The US and the Philippines have strengthened their security relationship over the past year, with the US gaining access to four new military sites in northern Philippines and expanding the "Balikatan" military exercise. The US also deployed a mid-range missile system to the Philippines for the first time in April.

Despite Beijing's objections, the Philippines maintains that the new security agreement is defensive. In April, the US approved a substantial security funding package, including $4 billion for the Indo-Pacific, with a significant portion likely headed to Taiwan and potentially the Philippines.

Ambassador Romualdez emphasized the need for decisive action from all parties involved to address the situation. 

US and Pakistan Conclude Successful Falcon Talon 2024 Exercise Amid Shifting Regional Alliances

 The US Air Force Central Command (AFCENT) and the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) recently completed Falcon Talon 2024, a bilateral exercise held from June 1 to June 11. Hosted annually by the PAF, this event aims to strengthen the critical relationship between the two countries. On June 25, the US Air Force shared details and images of the exercise, emphasizing its focus on tactical counter-terrorism, air-to-ground weapons employment, and expert exchanges.

Airmen from the US Central Command's area were deployed to Pakistan, with personnel and cargo transported by the Air Mobility Command’s C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. The exercise featured the participation of US Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcons from Aviano Air Base’s 510th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, alongside the PAF’s F-16s and JF-17 Thunder jets.

Photos revealed US and Pakistani aircraft parked at an undisclosed location in Pakistan during the exercise on June 6, 2024. The event underscored the importance of the US-Pakistan relationship and the mutual goal of regional security. According to the US Air Force, Falcon Talon 2024 focused on tactical execution, logistics support, and planning integration.

US Airmen collaborated closely with their Pakistani counterparts, participating in hands-on training and knowledge exchange in areas such as firefighting, explosive ordnance disposal, medical support, and joint terminal attack control. Airmen from the 378th Expeditionary Civil Engineer Squadron Fire Department worked with the Pakistan Air Force Fire Department on various drills and policy creation exercises. The exercise concluded with a friendly firefighter competition to test the newly acquired skills.

Master Sgt. Jonathan Campos of the US Air Force highlighted the positive impact of these exchanges, noting the strong personal relationships and sense of community developed through such activities. Lt. Col. Nicholas Gardner, Chief of Operations for Falcon Talon 2024, emphasized the enduring partnership between the US and Pakistan, critical for regional security since their mutual defense agreement in 1954.

Despite the historical partnership, recent US administrations have deprioritized relations with Pakistan. The Trump administration halted military cooperation, and under the Biden administration, relations have further declined, particularly following the US withdrawal from Afghanistan. In contrast, the US has strengthened its defense ties with India to counter China's influence and isolate Russia following its invasion of Ukraine.

In April 2023, B-1B Lancers from Ellsworth Air Force Base participated in Cope India 2023 for the first time, and in May 2024, the Indian Air Force's Rafale jets participated in the US multinational exercise Red Flag 24 in Alaska. India has also emerged as a strategic partner, receiving advanced technology and military equipment, with further collaborations planned in the space domain under the US-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).

Russia's Submarine Blunder: Kazan's Sonar Signature Compromised Near Cuba

 After the Russian Yasen-class submarine, Kazan, made an appearance in Cuba, initial excitement about its proximity to the US turned into regret among Russian experts. According to the Russian site Top War, this move is seen as a significant blunder, with Americans already mocking Russia. The site criticizes the decision, noting that sending the submarine into the American anti-submarine zone compromised its stealth advantage.

In Cuba, crowds gathered to see the Kazan up close, but this exposure meant the US and NATO could now detect the submarine more easily. The Atlantic is heavily monitored by American and NATO forces, using advanced detection systems in key areas like the Barents and Norwegian Seas, the Faroe-Icelandic Gap, and the Davis Strait. These systems, combined with sophisticated patrol aviation, make it nearly impossible for a Russian submarine to enter the Atlantic undetected.

Submarines are primarily detected through passive noise direction finding and active sonar methods. Passive systems pick up on low-frequency sounds, while active sonar involves sending out a signal that bounces off the submarine and returns to the receiver. Modern ships enhance detection capabilities with low-frequency emitters and towed sonar stations, making it hard for submarines to remain hidden.

However, detecting a submarine with another submarine is more complex, as Russian submarines have very low noise levels in stealth mode. Identifying an underwater target’s unique acoustic signature can help isolate it from background noise, crucial for long-distance detection.

Previously, the US lacked detailed acoustic data on the Kazan. But after its exposure near Cuba, advanced computer systems recorded its acoustic signature, allowing the US to identify and track it more efficiently. This shift in detection methods significantly disadvantages Russia in terms of submarine stealth capabilities.

The potential implications are severe. The US could launch a nuclear strike against Russia or China with minimal retaliation risk if they can neutralize Russian strategic submarines. This was demonstrated in June 2023, showing the importance of disabling Russia’s submarine fleet to prevent a retaliatory strike. Russian submarines often operate under the ice, complicating detection, but a detailed sonar signature would allow American submarines to locate and target them from a safe distance, even in challenging environments.

China’s Norinco Eyes Stake in Brazil's Top Missile Developer Avibras

 China North Industries Group Corporation, commonly known as Norinco, is reportedly in talks to acquire a 49% stake in Avibras, Brazil’s leading missile developer renowned for its modular multi-caliber MLRS ASTROS. This move comes after Australia’s DefendTex withdrew from the acquisition due to a lack of political and financial support from its government. DefendTex's offer of 130 million US dollars fell short of Avibras' 200 million US dollar valuation.

The Australian government, a close ally of the United States with access to advanced American missile technologies such as HIMARS, PrSM, NASAMS, NSM, and Tomahawk, showed minimal interest in the Brazilian company. DefendTex also cited the Brazilian government’s ban on military exports for the war in Ukraine as a reason for the failed negotiations, aiming to integrate Avibras products into Western programs to support military supplies for Ukraine.

Norinco's potential acquisition of Avibras could pose significant risks. This move might trigger a U.S. embargo on the export and use of American defense products in Brazil due to sanctions imposed by the Biden administration in 2021. The U.S. Government has warned Brazilian authorities that Norinco’s involvement could jeopardize national security, with sanctions prohibiting the integration of U.S. defense equipment with Norinco-related systems.

These restrictions could heavily impact Avibras’ products, including its flagship ASTROS MLRS, which rely on American technology like communication systems from L3Harris Corporation. Avibras also collaborates with seven other U.S. companies in its supply chain.

It remains unclear whether Norinco intends to invest in Avibras' long-term, less competitive programs or simply leverage the Brazilian brand’s reputation to market its own products.

US and Canadian Navies Conduct Bilateral Operations in South China Sea Amidst Tensions with China

 From June 18 to June 20, the United States Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy executed bilateral operations in the South China Sea, emphasizing their strong dedication to regional security and collaboration amid ongoing tensions between China and the Philippines.

The operations included the US Navy’s Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Ralph Johnson (DDG 114) and the Royal Canadian Navy’s Halifax-class frigate HMCS Montreal (FFH 336). These activities encompassed personnel transfers, flight operations, and replenishment at sea, supported by the Lewis-and-Clark class dry cargo ship USNS Wally Schirra (T-AKE 8).

"Close coordination with our allies and partners is paramount to success in the region," stated Capt. Justin Harts, Commander of Destroyer Squadron 15. "Demonstrating regional cooperation with the Royal Canadian Navy is key to ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific."

Cmdr. Isaia Infante, commanding officer of the USS Ralph Johnson, underscored the importance of joint exercises, highlighting the opportunity to work closely with allies and partners and reinforce the already strong relationship with the Royal Canadian Navy. He affirmed the crew's commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific while supporting the rules-based international order.

The US Navy noted that such bilateral engagements are vital for training, exercising, and developing tactical interoperability across allied navies, enhancing collective readiness to address regional contingencies.

This operation followed a historic joint patrol involving Canada, Japan, and the US with the Philippines in the South China Sea, part of a multilateral maritime cooperation activity (MMCA) aimed at preserving freedom of navigation and overflight. Canada's increasing involvement in the region comes amid reports of aggressive maneuvers by Chinese ships targeting routine resupply missions to a vessel grounded by Manila on the disputed Second Thomas Shoal in the South China Sea. The Philippines has accused China of violating its sovereignty, citing the illegal presence and actions of Chinese vessels within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Canada's recent joint drill with the US Navy could further strain its already fragile relations with China. Since 2018, Canada has intermittently deployed military ships, aircraft, and personnel to conduct surveillance operations to identify suspected maritime sanctions violations, particularly ship-to-ship transfer of fuel and other commodities banned by UN Security Council resolutions.

In June 2022, Canada accused Chinese fighter pilots of dangerously intercepting a Royal Canadian Air Force CP-140 maritime patrol aircraft since December 2021. Reports indicated that Chinese jets intercepted the Canadian aircraft about 60 times, with nearly 20 encounters deemed 'dangerous.' This incident sparked a diplomatic dispute between the two nations. China has consistently criticized Canada for its participation in overflights and freedom of navigation operations alongside the United States, accusing Canadian military aircraft of conducting provocative reconnaissance activities under the guise of implementing UN Security Council resolutions. China argued these activities were unauthorized and increased the risk of mishaps or conflict.

Relations deteriorated further in 2023 when Canada accused China of election interference, leading to reciprocal expulsions of diplomats. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau confirmed that China attempted to influence the 2019 and 2021 elections, though these efforts were unsuccessful. In military assessments, China and Russia were identified as Canada’s primary adversaries, highlighting the need for a robust response to hostile actions.