US Navy to Deploy Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles from Submarines by End of 2024

The US Navy (USN) is set to deploy a torpedo-tube launch-and-recovery (TTL&R) uncrewed underwater vehicle (UUV) capability on an operational submarine for the first time. This deployment will begin by the end of 2024 in the European theatre. Although submarines have previously used UUVs, the TTL&R method simplifies deployment and retrieval, enhancing capabilities and maneuverability in the underwater domain.

Vice Admiral Rob Gaucher, Commander of Submarine Forces, announced at the Naval Leaders' Combined Naval Event 2024 (CNE 24) in Farnborough, UK, that the UUVs would be installed on the USS Delaware in the coming weeks and will be deployed by year's end. The Delaware, a Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarine commissioned in April 2020, is part of the USN's plan to develop a fully integrated SSN-based UUV capability.

Vice Adm Gaucher emphasized the importance of increasing UUV operations within the submarine force and outlined plans to accelerate this development in 2024. The deployment will include an HII REMUS 600 UUV, tested successfully in late 2023 when launched and recovered via the Delaware’s torpedo tube. The US Navy’s regional commanders in Europe will seek exercises and opportunities to test this TTL&R-based UUV capability during the Delaware’s deployment across the Atlantic.

The second successful test of the TTL&R capability occurred on the Delaware in December 2023, following an earlier test in the Pacific. Vice Adm Gaucher highlighted the need to integrate emerging commercial UUV technologies into regular naval operations, stressing the importance of practical experience and trials.

The TTL&R capability, part of the AUKUS (Australia/UK/US) strategic partnership, exemplifies new concepts and technologies being developed under Pillar 2. This development underscores the collaboration between the three navies in advancing subsea and seabed warfare capabilities, with UUVs playing a crucial role in defending underwater infrastructure.

Vice Adm Gaucher concluded by emphasizing the need for more exercises and development to expand uncrewed operations, aiming for exponential growth in the use of uncrewed systems. 

China Captures US Anti-Submarine Device Deployed by US Navy's P-8A Poseidon in South China Sea

 The U.S. Navy's advanced P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft recently deployed a hydroacoustic buoy in the South China Sea, which has reportedly been retrieved by Chinese forces. This buoy, designed for submarine detection, poses significant concerns over potential reverse engineering by China, which has a history of replicating American technology.

A video posted by Yuyuan Tantian, a social media account linked to the state-run China Central Television, shows what appears to be a U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon dropping multiple cylindrical devices into the sea. Reports suggest that one of these devices fell near the Second Thomas Shoal in the Spratly Islands, an area contested by the Philippines and China and the site of recent clashes.

Following the incident, the China Coast Guard quickly arrived to retrieve and inspect the unidentified electronic devices, according to Yuyuan Tantian. The video further shows labels on an electronic device identifying Ultra Electronics, a UK-based defense contractor, as the manufacturer. Ultra Electronics specializes in producing radars and electronic warfare products, including sonobuoys.

Sonobuoys are specialized buoys equipped with acoustic sensors designed to detect submarines. When deployed from aircraft like the P-8 Poseidon, they form a network of listening devices that monitor underwater sounds. Passive sonobuoys listen for sounds emitted by submarines, while active sonobuoys emit sound pulses and listen for echoes from objects, including submarines. These devices descend to a predetermined depth using a parachute and then activate their sensors. The data collected is transmitted back to the P-8 Poseidon via radio signals for analysis.

Reverse engineering a captured U.S. sonobuoy could reveal crucial details about American anti-submarine warfare technology. Key areas of interest include the sonobuoy's sensor technology, data processing, communication with the P-8 Poseidon, power management, and any unique software or algorithms used for signal processing and data encryption.

It's challenging to verify China's claims about capturing the sonobuoy, and the specific type of sonobuoy captured remains unknown. Common sonobuoys used by the P-8 Poseidon include the AN/SSQ-53F DIFAR, AN/SSQ-62E DICASS, AN/SSQ-101 ADAR, and the AN/SSQ-125 MAC. These devices, made by companies like Ultra Electronics, Sparton Corporation, Lockheed Martin, and ERAPSCO, provide sophisticated capabilities for detecting and tracking submarines.

Russia's Submarine Blunder: Kazan's Sonar Signature Compromised Near Cuba

 After the Russian Yasen-class submarine, Kazan, made an appearance in Cuba, initial excitement about its proximity to the US turned into regret among Russian experts. According to the Russian site Top War, this move is seen as a significant blunder, with Americans already mocking Russia. The site criticizes the decision, noting that sending the submarine into the American anti-submarine zone compromised its stealth advantage.

In Cuba, crowds gathered to see the Kazan up close, but this exposure meant the US and NATO could now detect the submarine more easily. The Atlantic is heavily monitored by American and NATO forces, using advanced detection systems in key areas like the Barents and Norwegian Seas, the Faroe-Icelandic Gap, and the Davis Strait. These systems, combined with sophisticated patrol aviation, make it nearly impossible for a Russian submarine to enter the Atlantic undetected.

Submarines are primarily detected through passive noise direction finding and active sonar methods. Passive systems pick up on low-frequency sounds, while active sonar involves sending out a signal that bounces off the submarine and returns to the receiver. Modern ships enhance detection capabilities with low-frequency emitters and towed sonar stations, making it hard for submarines to remain hidden.

However, detecting a submarine with another submarine is more complex, as Russian submarines have very low noise levels in stealth mode. Identifying an underwater target’s unique acoustic signature can help isolate it from background noise, crucial for long-distance detection.

Previously, the US lacked detailed acoustic data on the Kazan. But after its exposure near Cuba, advanced computer systems recorded its acoustic signature, allowing the US to identify and track it more efficiently. This shift in detection methods significantly disadvantages Russia in terms of submarine stealth capabilities.

The potential implications are severe. The US could launch a nuclear strike against Russia or China with minimal retaliation risk if they can neutralize Russian strategic submarines. This was demonstrated in June 2023, showing the importance of disabling Russia’s submarine fleet to prevent a retaliatory strike. Russian submarines often operate under the ice, complicating detection, but a detailed sonar signature would allow American submarines to locate and target them from a safe distance, even in challenging environments.

U.S. Navy Prepares Compact Agile Interceptor for Hypersonic Missile Defense Tests

 The U.S. Navy is gearing up for flight tests of the Compact Agile Interceptor (CAI), a new surface-launched missile designed to enhance missile defense capabilities, especially against hypersonic threats. This compact interceptor aims to increase the number of missiles that can be packed into the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System (VLS) cells, addressing concerns over missile inventory size and VLS cell capacity. As the production of SM-6 and RIM-162 ESSM Block II missiles ramps up into the late 2020s, the Navy is focusing on optimizing space and performance.

The CAI is designed to fit multiple small diameter missiles into one Mark 41 VLS cell while maintaining the ability to intercept complex hypersonic raids. This addition will complement the existing SM-6 Dual I/II and SM-6 Block IB missiles, which are also capable of countering hypersonic threats.

A leading candidate for the CAI program is Lockheed Martin’s Patriot Advanced Capability 3 Missile Segment Enhancement (PAC-3 MSE). This missile, with a diameter of roughly 11.4 inches, has already been tested in a virtualized Aegis environment and has seen action in Ukraine against hypersonic missiles like the Kh-47M2 ‘Kinzhal’ and 3M22 ‘Zircon’. Despite its smaller diameter, Lockheed Martin aims to integrate it into the Navy's systems without major modifications, ruling out dual-packing for now.

According to U.S. Navy budget documents for FY2025, the propulsion concept for the CAI has been selected, and plans are underway to procure 2-3 flight test units this year. Various propulsion options, including highly loaded grain propellants and solid fuel ramjets, are being considered for the program.

While the PAC-3 MSE currently does not meet the dual-packing requirement, modifications to the control surfaces could allow it to fit two missiles per VLS cell, doubling the magazine capacity. Lockheed Martin has expressed interest in investing in the current missile capabilities rather than redesigning it extensively.

The exact propulsion system for the CAI remains undisclosed, but flight tests are scheduled to begin in FY2025, starting in October of this year.

US and Canadian Navies Conduct Bilateral Operations in South China Sea Amidst Tensions with China

 From June 18 to June 20, the United States Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy executed bilateral operations in the South China Sea, emphasizing their strong dedication to regional security and collaboration amid ongoing tensions between China and the Philippines.

The operations included the US Navy’s Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Ralph Johnson (DDG 114) and the Royal Canadian Navy’s Halifax-class frigate HMCS Montreal (FFH 336). These activities encompassed personnel transfers, flight operations, and replenishment at sea, supported by the Lewis-and-Clark class dry cargo ship USNS Wally Schirra (T-AKE 8).

"Close coordination with our allies and partners is paramount to success in the region," stated Capt. Justin Harts, Commander of Destroyer Squadron 15. "Demonstrating regional cooperation with the Royal Canadian Navy is key to ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific."

Cmdr. Isaia Infante, commanding officer of the USS Ralph Johnson, underscored the importance of joint exercises, highlighting the opportunity to work closely with allies and partners and reinforce the already strong relationship with the Royal Canadian Navy. He affirmed the crew's commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific while supporting the rules-based international order.

The US Navy noted that such bilateral engagements are vital for training, exercising, and developing tactical interoperability across allied navies, enhancing collective readiness to address regional contingencies.

This operation followed a historic joint patrol involving Canada, Japan, and the US with the Philippines in the South China Sea, part of a multilateral maritime cooperation activity (MMCA) aimed at preserving freedom of navigation and overflight. Canada's increasing involvement in the region comes amid reports of aggressive maneuvers by Chinese ships targeting routine resupply missions to a vessel grounded by Manila on the disputed Second Thomas Shoal in the South China Sea. The Philippines has accused China of violating its sovereignty, citing the illegal presence and actions of Chinese vessels within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Canada's recent joint drill with the US Navy could further strain its already fragile relations with China. Since 2018, Canada has intermittently deployed military ships, aircraft, and personnel to conduct surveillance operations to identify suspected maritime sanctions violations, particularly ship-to-ship transfer of fuel and other commodities banned by UN Security Council resolutions.

In June 2022, Canada accused Chinese fighter pilots of dangerously intercepting a Royal Canadian Air Force CP-140 maritime patrol aircraft since December 2021. Reports indicated that Chinese jets intercepted the Canadian aircraft about 60 times, with nearly 20 encounters deemed 'dangerous.' This incident sparked a diplomatic dispute between the two nations. China has consistently criticized Canada for its participation in overflights and freedom of navigation operations alongside the United States, accusing Canadian military aircraft of conducting provocative reconnaissance activities under the guise of implementing UN Security Council resolutions. China argued these activities were unauthorized and increased the risk of mishaps or conflict.

Relations deteriorated further in 2023 when Canada accused China of election interference, leading to reciprocal expulsions of diplomats. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau confirmed that China attempted to influence the 2019 and 2021 elections, though these efforts were unsuccessful. In military assessments, China and Russia were identified as Canada’s primary adversaries, highlighting the need for a robust response to hostile actions.

Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray: Revolutionary Underwater Drone with Extended Capabilities

 

Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray submersible underwater drone has been the subject of considerable interest for some time. Its exact dimensions have become clearer only recently, thanks to satellite images, including one captured a year ago and another more recently, which have been circulating on social media.

The Manta Ray, seen docked at the Port Hueneme Naval Base in California, has an imposing presence. The War Zone has even compared its size to that of a spaceship from Star Wars, suggesting it looks as though it has landed on Tatooine. This image, available on Google Earth from November 2023, includes a 3D visualization to help appreciate the Manta Ray’s massive size.

Official data indicates that the Manta Ray is approximately 30 feet long. This size allows it to house complex sensors and communication equipment while maintaining a streamlined design for efficient underwater movement. Its wingspan, critical for stability and maneuverability, is about 20 feet, enabling it to glide effortlessly underwater. The drone stands around 5 feet tall.

Unveiling the Manta Ray: What We Know

The Northrop Grumman Manta Ray is an advanced underwater vehicle designed for various military and research applications. It is part of a larger initiative to develop autonomous systems capable of extended underwater operations without human intervention.

The Manta Ray employs a range of sophisticated systems to ensure functionality and effectiveness. These include advanced sonar and sensor arrays for navigation and detection, communication systems for data transmission, and AI-driven software for autonomous decision-making and mission planning.

Manta Ray’s Propulsion and Equipment

The Manta Ray’s propulsion is powered by a combination of electric motors and energy-efficient propellers, allowing for quiet operation crucial for stealth missions and minimizing detection by adversaries.

Technologically, the Manta Ray boasts high-resolution imaging systems, environmental monitoring tools, and customizable payload bays for specific missions. Its primary purpose is to enhance military underwater operational capabilities, including intelligence gathering, mine countermeasures, and anti-submarine warfare. Its versatility also makes it suitable for non-military uses such as oceanographic research and underwater infrastructure inspection.

The Manta Ray is designed for extensive operational range, allowing it to cover large areas without frequent resurfacing. Its energy-efficient systems and advanced battery technology provide significant operational endurance, enabling it to stay underwater for weeks or even months, depending on mission requirements and environmental conditions. This long-duration capability distinguishes it from many other submersible drones, allowing for sustained operations in challenging underwater environments.

Ongoing Development and Future Prospects

Since 2020, Northrop Grumman has been developing the Manta Ray underwater drone under the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiative. This project aims to create autonomous underwater vehicles capable of long-term missions without human intervention. The first tests of the Manta Ray took place in 2023, assessing its performance in various underwater environments and its ability to execute advanced missions autonomously.

The exact number of Manta Rays slated for production remains undisclosed. However, the strategic value of these autonomous underwater vehicles suggests that production numbers will depend on the success of these initial tests and further evaluations.

If early tests are successful, the production and deployment of Manta Ray submersible drones could begin in the latter half of this decade. This timeline allows for refinements and enhancements based on test outcomes, ensuring these drones meet the operational needs of the US Navy and other potential stakeholders.

Why the U.S. Navy Avoided Building Titanium Submarines While Russia Embraced Them

 

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union ventured into using titanium for submarine hulls, beginning with the Project 705 Lira. Titanium's low density, high strength, and corrosion resistance allowed the Lira to achieve high speeds and deep dives. Despite these advantages, titanium posed significant challenges in sourcing and welding, making it a difficult material to work with.

The Cold War era saw rapid advancements in military technology, with both superpowers heavily investing in weapons development. This period of innovation extended to materials science, leading to the development of advanced materials like radar-absorbent coatings and sophisticated tank armor. The Soviet Union's use of titanium for submarine hulls was part of this trend.

Before the 1960s, titanium had never been used for submarine hulls due to its difficulty in sourcing and welding. Steel was the standard material, being easier to obtain and work with. However, titanium's properties—low density, high strength, and resistance to corrosion—were appealing for creating fast and durable submarines.

The Soviets began using titanium for their submarines with the Project 705 Lira. The Lira was designed to be fast, stealthy, and maneuverable, with minimal displacement and crew. Titanium was crucial in meeting these demanding specifications. The original Lira prototype, weighing just 1,500 tons, could achieve speeds over 40 knots, making it one of the fastest submarines of its time.

The Lira featured a titanium hull and a new lead-cooled reactor, allowing it to dive and turn quickly. However, the Soviets soon discovered the drawbacks of working with titanium. Welding titanium was complex, with a small margin for error; any mistake could make the material brittle and weak.

During the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union often mirrored each other's innovations. If one superpower developed a new technology, the other would rush to create a counterpart. However, the U.S. Navy chose not to follow the Soviet Union's lead in building titanium submarines.

Despite recognizing the power, speed, and stealth of the Lira-class submarines, the U.S. Navy decided that the effort and cost of using titanium were not justified. Titanium is rare, costly, and difficult to shape. Mistakes in welding could compromise the submarine's safety during deep dives. Ultimately, the U.S. determined that the challenges outweighed the benefits, showcasing a rare instance of restraint in Cold War-era weapons development. 

While the Soviet Union embraced titanium for its submarine hulls, the U.S. Navy opted out due to the material's complexities and high costs. This decision highlights a strategic choice to prioritize practicality and safety over potential advantages, marking a notable moment of caution in the otherwise competitive landscape of Cold War military innovation.

USS Helena and Canadian Navy Patrol Ship Arrive in Cuba Amid Russian Naval Presence

 

The USS Helena, a high-speed attack submarine, has docked at Guantanamo Bay, as announced by the U.S. Southern Command on the social network X. This move coincides with Russian Navy ships visiting Cuba.

“The fast attack submarine USS Helena is currently at Guantanamo Bay as part of a routine visit. This area falls within the U.S. Southern Command’s jurisdiction. […] The location and transit of the ship were planned in advance,” states the official release.

However, the Associated Press suggests that the USS Helena’s arrival serves as a “show of force” amid the Russian warships’ presence. Additional US Navy ships are monitoring the Russian vessels, which, according to Pentagon officials, do not pose a threat to the United States.

On June 12, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that its naval fleet, including the frigate “Admiral Gorshkov,” the nuclear-powered submarine “Kazan,” the medium sea tanker “Akademik Pashin,” and the rescue tug “Nikolay Chiker,” had completed high-precision weapons exercises and arrived at the port of Havana. These vessels will remain in Havana until June 17.

Social media buzzed with the phrase “The hunt is on!” alongside screenshots from global air traffic monitoring apps, highlighting areas off the southern coast of the United States. Following the arrival of the Russian Northern Fleet in Cuba, the U.S. Navy deployed P-8 Poseidon “submarine hunter” aircraft on June 10 and 11 to search for a rogue Russian submarine reportedly 66 miles off the coast of Florida.

American experts noted close cooperation with the Royal Canadian Navy in search operations, with Ottawa deploying Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft to complement the American P-8 Poseidons. Screenshots from air traffic tracking apps revealed these planes circling within a specific quadrant, conducting search missions. Official details on the outcome of this Canadian-American naval search are still pending.

The USS Helena [SSN-725], a Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, has been in service since 1987. It measures 360 feet in length, 33 feet in beam width, and has a draft of approximately 32 feet. Powered by a single S6G nuclear reactor, the USS Helena can achieve submerged speeds of over 25 knots. The submarine's crew consists of about 140 individuals, including officers and enlisted sailors.

The USS Helena features advanced systems for detection, navigation, electronic warfare, and communication. Its firepower includes 12 vertical launch system [VLS] tubes for Tomahawk cruise missiles and four 21-inch [533 mm] torpedo tubes capable of firing Mk-48 torpedoes. The submarine's nuclear propulsion provides a virtually unlimited operational range, limited primarily by factors such as food supplies and crew endurance.

Meanwhile, a Canadian navy patrol ship, the Margaret Brooke, arrived in Havana on Friday, just hours after the USS Helena docked at Guantanamo. This convergence of Russian, Canadian, and U.S. vessels in Cuba—located just 160 km (100 miles) from Florida—recalls Cold War tensions and highlights current strained ties over the Ukraine war. However, both the U.S. and Cuba have stated that the Russian warships pose no threat to the region, with Russia describing their arrival as routine.

The Admiral Gorshkov frigate and the nuclear-powered submarine Kazan, part of Russia's naval fleet, arrived in Havana harbor on Wednesday after conducting missile training in the Atlantic Ocean. Canada’s Margaret Brooke patrol vessel began maneuvers in Havana harbor, with Canadian officials describing the visit as routine and unrelated to the Russian ships' presence.

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova questioned the West’s concern over the warships, noting that diplomatic signals from Russia often go unnoticed by Western nations.

The Russian warships are expected to remain in Havana harbor until June 17.

USS Connecticut Submarine Accident Highlights Detection Vulnerabilities in South China Sea

 

The USS Connecticut, a Seawolf-class nuclear attack submarine, encountered a significant mishap during a classified mission in October 2021, revealing vulnerabilities despite its advanced stealth technology. This incident, which took place in the South China Sea (SCS), led to extensive investigations aiming to uncover the reasons behind the accident.

On the fateful day, the USS Connecticut struck a seamount while cruising at high speed in the northern SCS, tarnishing the reputation of one of the US Navy's most powerful and expensive submarines. The incident prompted calls for a thorough investigation, especially given China's criticism of the US's opaqueness and irresponsibility regarding the event's specifics.

A recent Chinese study, led by engineer Li Yuhang of the 713th Research Institute of China State Shipbuilding Corporation, provided new insights. The researchers used real-world data from Chinese sensors in the SCS to examine water surface wakes. Published in the Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics on May 27, the study found that submarines like the SSN-22, traveling at depths of 100 meters and speeds over 20 knots, can create detectable surface ripples, potentially revealing their position.

This groundbreaking finding challenged previous assumptions about modern submarine invincibility and highlighted the delicate balance of power in the region. The study's results were the first to use real SCS data to systematically analyze the water surface response to submarine movement.

The US Navy's investigation into the accident identified multiple failures in navigation planning, execution, and risk management as the cause. The investigation revealed that the USS Connecticut’s navigation review team had failed to identify and mark at least ten underwater hazards and had incorrectly assessed the operating area as open. This led to a significant period of inactivity for the submarine due to damage, with eleven sailors sustaining minor injuries.

The incident also reignited US-China tensions over territorial claims in the South China Sea. On October 2, 2021, the USS Connecticut struck an object in international waters during China's National Day celebrations, coinciding with heightened military drills by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) near Taiwan. The PLA's air activity saw a significant increase, escalating tensions further.

Technological advancements in wake detection have also played a role in understanding the incident. Recent progress in AI and anti-submarine radar technology, including the development of a 6G radar capable of detecting minute submarine ripples, has improved the ability to locate submarines. Chinese researchers reported a 96 percent accuracy rate in detecting submarine wakes using AI, highlighting the growing sophistication of detection systems.

In conclusion, the USS Connecticut's collision has underscored the evolving dynamics of undersea warfare, where stealth alone is no longer sufficient. The incident has marked a significant moment in the race for technological superiority in the challenging environment of the South China Sea, influencing the future of submarine operations.

US Military’s V-22 Osprey Fleet to Resume Full Operations by Mid-2025

 

The U.S. military's fleet of over 400 V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft is not expected to return to full flight operations until at least mid-2025, as stated by a Navy admiral during a House Oversight subcommittee meeting. Vice Adm. Carl Chebi, head of Naval Air Systems Command, which oversees Ospreys for the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps, mentioned that a review assessing manning, training, and equipment adequacy will continue for another six to nine months. He assured lawmakers that findings from this comprehensive review will guide actions to ensure safe flight operations.

The Osprey fleet began a gradual return to service with flight restrictions in early March, three months after being grounded due to a fatal Air Force CV-22 crash off Japan's coast. This crash, which killed all eight airmen on board, led to a suspension of operations in early December.

The V-22 Osprey's unique capability to operate both as an airplane and a helicopter makes it ideal for aircraft carrier landings and special operations in challenging environments. The Marine Corps operates the majority of these aircraft, with the Air Force and Navy having around 50 and 30, respectively. Some Marine Ospreys have already resumed activity; for instance, ten aircraft from Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 268 were sent to Hawaii for a training exercise in Australia, and others are being used in Sweden for Exercise Baltic Operations.

Despite the partial resumption, the Navy's CMV-22 fleet remains grounded for carrier support missions. Current restrictions prevent Ospreys from flying more than 30 minutes from a potential emergency landing site. Meanwhile, crews at Cannon Air Force Base in New Mexico are preparing to restore their operational capabilities, and other squadrons are also nearing readiness.

An investigation into the Air Force's CV-22 crash on November 29 is almost complete, with family briefings expected soon. The crash was attributed to a material failure previously unseen in the Osprey fleet.

Since their introduction over two decades ago, Ospreys have experienced several fatal accidents, including four incidents since March 2022, resulting in 20 service members' deaths. These issues led to fleet-wide groundings in 2022 and 2023 due to premature wear in the input quill assembly, which connects the engine to the proprotor gearbox.

Vice Adm. Chebi and Gary Kurtz, the program executive officer for anti-submarine, assault, and special mission programs, informed lawmakers that testing for a redesigned clutch is imminent. They anticipate the new clutch will be fielded by mid-2025.

First Images of US Navy's Orca XLUUV with Payload Module Revealed

 

For the first time, images have emerged showing the U.S. Navy's Orca Extra Large Uncrewed Undersea Vehicle (XLUUV) equipped with its payload section. This significant development was highlighted in a LinkedIn post by the former Commodore of UUVRON-1, marking the first time the Orca has been seen with its payload insert. The new images underscore the substantial size of the Orca.

Boeing delivered the initial Orca XLUUV to the U.S. Navy in December 2023, and it is currently undergoing rigorous testing. Five additional units are slated for delivery this year.

According to H I Sutton, an OSINT and submarine expert contributing to Naval News, the insertable payload module offers versatile mission capabilities. It includes large hatches potentially designed for mine-laying missions, and configurations that could allow for the launch and recovery of smaller underwater vehicles.

Sutton estimates on his blog that the Orca measures approximately 25.9 meters in length with the payload module, compared to 15.5 meters without it.

About Orca XLUUV:

The Orca XLUUV is an Extra Large Unmanned Undersea Vehicle developed as part of the U.S. Navy’s UUV Family of Systems to meet a Joint Emergent Operational Need. The current model is about 85 feet (26 meters) long, has a displacement of around 85 tons, and utilizes a diesel-electric propulsion system providing a range of 6,000 nautical miles.

The vehicle features a modular payload bay measuring approximately 400 inches (10 meters) in length with an 8-ton capacity. This bay has defined interfaces for current and future payloads, such as the Hammerhead.

US Navy's Efforts:

The US Navy’s Unmanned Undersea Vehicles Squadron One (UUVRON-1) is developing and documenting tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) for the Orca XLUUV. According to the Navy’s budget documents, facilities at Naval Base Ventura County are being updated for CONUS XLUUV testing, training, and work-ups.

The Navy is also working on establishing infrastructure to support XLUUV basing, fleet integration, and forward operational capability overseas. This includes support platforms, trailers, maintenance equipment, and ashore hardware.

Upon completing government testing in FY25, the US Navy might exercise three production options for additional vehicles in FY26, transitioning to an Acquisition Category (ACAT) Program.

Russian Kazan Submarine Conducts Military Drills Near US Waters Amid Rising Tensions

The Russian missile frigate Admiral Gorshkov and the nuclear-powered Yasen-class cruise missile submarine Kazan recently conducted military exercises near Cuba, signaling to the West amid escalating tensions. The Russian Ministry of Defense announced on June 11 that these vessels were practicing the use of high-precision missile weapons in the Atlantic Ocean.

According to the Ministry, the tactical strike group, comprising the Kazan submarine and the Admiral Gorshkov frigate from the Northern Fleet, performed exercises targeting marine enemies over 600 kilometers away using computer simulations.

These drills coincided with Russia starting the second phase of tactical nuclear exercises with Belarus. Russian state media emphasized these maneuvers as a demonstration of Russia's global influence, countering Western views of its waning power. Reports indicate that the Russian flotilla was monitored by US and allied forces as it moved towards the Caribbean, at times nearing 30-90 miles from Florida.

The Russian vessels were welcomed in Cuba on June 12 for naval exercises set to last until June 17, emphasizing the historical friendship between the two nations. Despite the nuclear capabilities of these ships, Cuba clarified that they would not be armed with nuclear weapons during their stay. The US has stated that these exercises pose no direct threat.

This is not the first instance of Russian-Cuban military collaboration, with annual drills occurring from 2013 to 2020. Analysts note that the presence of the Kazan submarine, known for its stealth, could increase tensions despite US assurances. The Yasen-class submarines, including Kazan, are among the quietest and most sophisticated in the world, enhancing Russia’s defensive and deterrence capabilities.

Kazan, a Yasen-class submarine, is praised for its advanced technology and quiet operation, rivaling the US's modern submarine fleet. Designed by the Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau and built by Sevmash Shipyard, the 13,800-ton vessel features a quieter nuclear reactor, additional sensors, and new quieting technologies. It is capable of carrying a range of missiles, including hypersonic ones, and can target enemy submarines, ships, ports, and naval bases.

US officials have acknowledged the increasing deployment of these submarines near US waters. Gen. Glen VanHerc of USNORTHCOM noted that Russia's Yasen-class submarines have been operating more frequently in both the Atlantic and the Pacific, posing a growing threat.

While the current exercises with Cuba are downplayed by US officials, military analysts express concerns about potential electronic warfare and intelligence gathering by hostile submarines. The deployment of Yasen-class submarines like Kazan in strategic locations could pose significant risks to the security of the US and its allies in Europe. 

White House Criticizes Shipbuilding and Defense Measures in FY25 Defense Bill

 

The White House issued a statement on Tuesday critiquing various elements of the House’s fiscal 2025 defense policy bill ahead of upcoming votes.

While the statement commended the House Armed Services Committee for its bipartisan efforts on the $884 billion bill, it highlighted concerns over provisions related to shipbuilding, the formation of an Army drone corps, missile defense, and pricing transparency for defense contractors.

The White House also pressed Congress to establish an Indo-Pacific Security Assistance Initiative, which the bill lacks despite a Pentagon request for a program similar to the one aiding Ukraine.

“The administration looks forward to continuing to work with Congress to set appropriate and responsible levels of defense and non-defense spending to support the security of the nation,” stated the White House’s Office of Management and Budget, expressing a desire to collaborate on addressing concerns.

Despite its objections, the White House did not issue a veto threat but warned that this could change if the House adopts certain socially conservative amendments proposed by the Republican right-flank during this week’s votes.

Last year, Republicans adopted a similar strategy, turning a bipartisan bill into a partisan one with amendments from the Freedom Caucus. However, these provisions were removed during Senate negotiations, resulting in a bipartisan compromise bill for FY24 in December.

The Senate Armed Services Committee is set to mark up its version of the FY25 defense policy bill later this week.

House Armed Services Chairman Mike Rogers (R-Ala.) and Rep. Adam Smith (D-Wash.), the committee’s top Democrat, urged the Rules Committee to prioritize non-divisive amendments out of the 1,386 proposed.

“The bill we are presenting today is truly bipartisan,” said Rogers, noting that it advanced 57-1 last month. Smith added that efforts to restrict reproductive healthcare or LGBTQ rights would pose significant problems, as would any attempt to block the Department of Defense’s inclusivity efforts.

Shipbuilding Disagreements

Aside from potential social policy conflicts, the Armed Services Committee is at odds with defense appropriators over their draft spending bill, which overrides several provisions in the defense policy bill. For instance, the draft FY25 defense spending bill does not fund the policy bill’s $1 billion authorization for a second Virginia-class attack submarine, aligning with the White House and Navy’s decision to fund only one due to production delays.

“The authorization of incremental funding for a second [Virginia-class submarine] would result in a significant unplanned bill in FY26,” noted the White House statement. The Biden administration encourages Congress to support near-term submarine industrial base investments instead.

The Armed Services Committee argues that dropping a second Virginia-class vessel in FY25 will set back companies further down the submarine supply chain. The defense policy bill also cuts $1.17 billion in procurement of a frigate for FY25, drawing further White House objections.

Additionally, the White House opposed a provision blocking the retirement of guided-missile cruisers, arguing that ships like the USS Shiloh and USS Lake Erie are too costly to modernize and restore.

Army and Missile Defense

The White House strongly opposes the bill’s provision to create a drone corps within the Army, citing concerns over specialization and flexibility. It also opposes establishing a third continental missile interceptor site on the east coast by 2030, arguing there is no operational need for such a site, with 20 Next-Generation Interceptors to be fielded in Alaska by 2028.

Defense Contractor Pricing Data

The White House also objects to a provision raising the cap for obtaining certified cost or pricing data from subcontractors to $5 million, up from $2 million. This change would reduce the incentive for prime contractors to negotiate fair contracts with subcontractors, creating unnecessary taxpayer risks.

The Project on Government Oversight, a watchdog group, also opposes this provision, arguing it would allow prime contractors to provide outdated historical data to justify price hikes, complicating the contracting officers’ ability to determine fair pricing.

US P-8 Poseidon Searches for Russian Submarine Near Florida Amid Rising Tensions

 "The hunt is on!" exclaimed internet users, as a screenshot from a global air traffic monitoring app highlighted activity off the southern coast of the United States. The Russian Navy has dispatched carriers of hypersonic Zircon and Kalibr missiles to Cuba, prompting close surveillance from the Pentagon. A key element of this deployment is the Yasen-M-class nuclear submarine Kazan.

In response, the U.S. Navy recently launched a P-8 Poseidon "submarine hunter" aircraft. Reports from the U.S. Civil Defense News X account indicated that this aircraft was searching for the Kazan, which is positioned 66 miles off the Florida coast and equipped with 4,500-km-range Kalibr-M missiles. This situation has been likened to a new Cuban Missile Crisis.

The U.S. Navy is collaborating with the Royal Canadian Navy in this search effort. To bolster the mission, Canada has deployed its Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft to work alongside the American P-8 Poseidon. Screenshots from air traffic tracking apps show these aircraft operating in specific areas, flying in circles to conduct their search. Official results of this operation have not yet been disclosed.

Previously, BulgarianMilitary.com reported that the Russian Navy’s frigate Admiral Gorshkov, along with the nuclear submarine Kazan, a tanker, and a tugboat, might have already arrived in Cuba. This display of power, including the deployment of Zircon missiles, is seen as a provocative move that could unsettle the U.S.

The U.S. response has been cautious but vigilant. Despite the proximity of Russia’s advanced vessels to the U.S. fleet, the situation remains tense. Analysts suggest that Russia's deployment of Zircon missile launchers to Cuba is a strategic move to gauge the response from Cuba and other allies. Although Cuba has maintained a neutral stance on Russia’s actions in Ukraine, this deployment could influence the island nation.

The Kazan, a Yasen-M-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine, represents an advanced iteration of the original Yasen class with numerous technological upgrades. Measuring approximately 139 meters in length and 13 meters in beam, the Kazan is a formidable presence. Its nuclear propulsion system, powered by a single OK-650V reactor, allows for high speeds and extended operational ranges without frequent refueling. The submarine can dive to depths of around 600 meters and displaces approximately 13,800 tons when submerged, reflecting its robust construction and extensive armament.

With a crew of about 90 officers and enlisted personnel, the Kazan's missions include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, and land-attack operations. It is equipped with advanced sonar arrays, electronic warfare systems, and integrated combat management systems, enhancing its situational awareness and combat effectiveness. The Kazan carries a range of weapons, including torpedoes and cruise missiles like Kalibr and Oniks, capable of striking sea and land targets with high precision.

The U.S. deployment of P-8 Poseidon and P-3 Orion aircraft off the coast of Florida is a strategic move to search for underwater threats. Both aircraft use advanced sonar systems, including active and passive sonar, to detect submarines. They deploy sonobuoys, small expendable sonar systems, to gather data transmitted back to the aircraft for analysis. Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) and electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems further enhance their detection capabilities. The P-8 Poseidon, equipped with advanced electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) cameras, can visually detect submarines near the surface. Data fusion and sophisticated algorithms integrate information from multiple sensors to accurately identify and track submarines in complex environments.

US Admiral Reveals “Hellscape” Drone Warfare Strategy to Counter China’s Taiwan Invasion Plan

 

The United States is developing a strategy to deploy a vast array of drones to counter a potential Chinese invasion of Taiwan. This plan, referred to as the "Hellscape" strategy, aims to use drones to overwhelm and distract Chinese forces, buying crucial time for US and allied forces to mount a full-scale response.

Admiral Samuel Paparo, the commander of US Indo-Pacific Command, outlined this approach at the International Institute for Strategic Studies’ Shangri-La Dialogue Summit. The strategy involves deploying thousands of unmanned submarines, surface ships, and aerial drones as soon as China’s invasion fleet begins crossing the 100-mile Taiwan Strait.

China recently conducted military drills following the inauguration of Taiwan’s new president, intensifying its calls for reunification with Taiwan. US President Joe Biden has hinted at military support for Taiwan in the event of an invasion, which could escalate into a larger US-China conflict involving Washington's regional allies. This makes it essential for the US to develop effective countermeasures against Chinese forces in the Taiwan Strait.

The "Hellscape" strategy heavily relies on autonomous systems, a tactic influenced by the recent war in Ukraine. In Ukraine, drones have been used to launch strikes on control centers, refineries, airfields, and ships, demonstrating that modern air defenses are not impenetrable. This has reshaped how militaries approach modern warfare, with a focus on cost-effective, reusable, and disposable drone technology.

General Kenneth Wilsbach, Commander of the Pacific Air Forces, initially proposed using "attritable" unmanned aircraft against China instead of high-end stealth fighters like the F-35s or F-22s. These lower-cost, disposable drones would serve as decoys, gradually wearing down Chinese defenses by creating numerous targets.

The Pentagon is actively working on this drone warfare strategy, planning to spend $1 billion on the Replicator program this fiscal year. This program aims to rapidly scale and deploy thousands of autonomous systems within the next 18 to 24 months, utilizing AI, robotics, and commercial technology. The Pentagon is also collaborating with defense partners to develop and procure these critical systems.

Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks emphasized the need to counter China’s mass with a mass of drones that are more challenging to target. The US Navy is also working on developing swarming drones, including underwater drones, to counter the numerical superiority of the Chinese PLA Navy in the Indo-Pacific region.

Admiral Paparo highlighted the strategic advantage of US unmanned capabilities, stating that these systems would amplify US advantages in the region. He noted that recent Chinese military drills appeared to be rehearsals for a Taiwan invasion, which the US observed and learned from.

In response to these developments, China has expressed dissatisfaction. The state-owned Global Times criticized the US strategy, suggesting it was a desperate attempt to maintain its dominance and incite Taiwan’s independence efforts.

US Navy Boosts China Surveillance with Second MQ-4C Triton Deployment to Okinawa

 

The US Navy has significantly increased its surveillance capabilities in the Asia-Pacific region by deploying a second MQ-4C Triton maritime surveillance aircraft to Japan’s Kadena Air Base in Okinawa. This move follows the earlier deployment of several MQ-9 Reaper drones, enhancing intelligence gathering in the area.

According to an official from Japan’s Ministry of Defense, the second Triton arrived at Kadena Air Base at 3:40 p.m. on June 9. This follows the first MQ-4C Triton’s arrival on May 20, both temporarily relocated from Guam. Japanese media images show both aircraft stationed in the Navy's tarmac hangar shortly after the second aircraft's arrival.

The Tritons will be stationed at Kadena from May to October, supported by approximately 50 personnel. Since October, eight MQ-9 Reaper drones have also been deployed at Kadena, highlighting the base's critical role due to its strategic location, within three hours' flight time from Beijing, Seoul, and Taipei.

Kadena Air Base, the largest US Air Force base in the Asia-Pacific region, regularly hosts advanced fighter jets, with recent rotations including F-35 Lightning IIs, F-22 Raptors, US F-16s, and F-15E Strike Eagles. The base is also increasing its unmanned aerial vehicle presence to bolster reconnaissance and surveillance efforts.

The Okinawa Times, referencing the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), reported that the second MQ-4C Triton was scheduled for a flight around Okinawa’s main island on June 9. However, this plan was withdrawn shortly after the aircraft's arrival.

The deployment has sparked controversy, with local governments and the Okinawa Prefecture opposing the indefinite presence of MQ-9 drones and the temporary deployment of MQ-4C Tritons. The Kadena Town Council expressed concerns about potential aircraft accidents due to the rising number of US military assets at the base.

The MQ-4C Triton, developed by Northrop Grumman, is distinct from the RQ-4 Global Hawk, designed to withstand bird strikes and lightning, and capable of close-range maritime observation. Equipped with advanced sensors, the Triton can provide precise targeting information to naval assets, enhancing operational reach.

With two MQ-4C Tritons now operational at Kadena, the US military is set to intensify surveillance in regions where China is increasingly active. Drones will undertake intelligence missions in the Nansei region and surrounding areas, crucial maritime territories stretching from Kyushu to Taiwan.

China has escalated maritime challenges in the East and South China Seas, with frequent coast guard incursions into Japanese-claimed waters around the Senkaku Islands. Japan views these actions as attempts to undermine its sovereignty over the islands. The enhanced surveillance capabilities provided by the drones are crucial for monitoring and asserting control over these contested areas without provocation.

US Navy to Decommission All Ticonderoga-Class Cruisers by 2027: Complete Schedule

 The U.S. Navy has scheduled the decommissioning of its remaining 13 Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers, with all expected to be retired by the end of 2027. The first to go will be the USS Vicksburg (CG 69) in June 2024, followed by the USS Cowpens (CG 63) in August, and the USS Antietam (CG 54) and USS Leyte Gulf (CG 55) in September. The last cruisers to be decommissioned will likely be the USS Chosin (CG 65) and USS Cape St. George (CG 71) in fiscal year 2027. This will mark the end of the service life for the Ticonderoga-class, the world's first cruisers equipped with the Aegis combat system.

The Vicksburg and Cowpens were among the seven cruisers included in the Navy’s Cruiser Modernization Program in the mid-2010s. However, their extensive modernization efforts, which have nearly reached a cost of one billion dollars, were never completed. Despite Congressional directives, the Navy ceased further work on these ships in early 2024 and added them to the decommissioning list. Of the seven ships in the modernization program, only the Gettysburg and Chosin have been redelivered, with ongoing work on the Cape St. George. Two other ships, the Hue City (CG 66) and Anzio (CG 68), were decommissioned in 2022 in poor condition.

The decommissioning dates, while subject to change, are unlikely to be altered significantly. All ships are set to become Logistical Support Assets, serving as sources for spare parts before eventually being scrapped or used in sinking exercises (SINKEXs). The cruisers are being retired around the end of their 35-year service lives and will be replaced by the new Flight III Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, of which only one is currently in service.

Below is the decommissioning schedule for the remaining Ticonderoga-class cruisers:

1. USS Vicksburg (CG 69): June 29, 2024

   • Last deployed in 2015; modernization halted in early 2024.

2. USS Cowpens (CG 63): August 30, 2024

   • Last deployed in 2014; modernization halted in early February 2024.

3. USS Antietam (CG 54): September 27, 2024

   • Recently transferred from Japan to Pearl Harbor.

4. USS Leyte Gulf (CG 55): September 27, 2024

   • Recently completed a U.S. Fourth Fleet deployment.

5. USS Philippine Sea (CG 58): Fiscal 2025

   • Currently deployed as the air warfare commander for the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69).

6. USS Normandy (CG 60): Fiscal 2025

   • Recently returned from a deployment with the USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78).

7. USS Shiloh (CG 67): Fiscal 2025

   • Recently transferred from Japan to Pearl Harbor.

8. USS Lake Erie (CG 70): Fiscal 2025

   • Deployed with the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) Carrier Strike Group.

9. USS Princeton (CG 59): Fiscal 2026

   • Recently returned from deployment with the USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70).

10. USS Robert Smalls (CG 62): Fiscal 2026

    • Deployed with the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76); renamed from USS Chancellorsville.

11. USS Gettysburg (CG 64): Fiscal 2026

    • First ship to complete the Cruiser Modernization Program.

12. USS Chosin (CG 65): Fiscal 2027

    • Recently completed the Cruiser Modernization Program.

13. USS Cape St. George (CG 71): Fiscal 2027

    • Still undergoing modernization work.

Previously decommissioned Ticonderoga-class cruisers include:

• USS Ticonderoga (CG 47)
• USS Yorktown (CG 48)
• USS Vincennes (CG 49)
• USS Valley Forge (CG 50)
• USS Thomas S. Gates (CG 51)
• USS Bunker Hill (CG 52)
• USS Mobile Bay (CG 53)
• USS San Jacinto (CG 56)
• USS Lake Champlain (CG 57)
• USS Monterey (CG 61)
• USS Hue City (CG 66)
• USS Anzio (CG 68)
• USS Vella Gulf (CG 72)
• USS Port Royal (CG 73)

US Navy and Taiwan Conduct Unplanned Military Exercises in West Pacific Amid Rising Tensions with China

 

In an unannounced move showcasing growing maritime cooperation, the U.S. and Taiwan conducted impromptu military exercises in the West Pacific. This development comes amid rising tensions between Taiwan and China, ahead of the inauguration of Taiwan's president-elect, Lai Ching-te. According to unnamed sources cited by Reuters, the drills took place during routine naval encounters.

One source mentioned the involvement of “multiple military assets,” while another highlighted that these exercises were unofficially termed “unplanned sea encounters,” implying a tacit agreement that these drills were coincidental rather than premeditated.

These exercises occurred between a series of scheduled high-profile drills. In mid-April, the U.S. conducted a trilateral exercise with Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) and Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) vessels, focusing on interoperability and warfighting capabilities. Shortly after, the Balikatan 24 exercise in the Philippines involved the U.S., Philippine, Australian, and French forces, concentrating on counter-landing operations and maritime domain awareness.

During the unplanned U.S.-Taiwan drills, around six ships, including supply vessels and frigates, engaged in basic communications, resupply operations, and joint anti-submarine warfare (ASW) exercises. These drills are critical for ensuring operational compatibility between the two navies in emergencies, involving tactical maneuvers and underwater target searches.

Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense spokesperson, Major General Sun Li-fang, stated that the exercises adhered to the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea (CUES), which manages interactions between different militaries at sea. This protocol was previously utilized in 2016 during an encounter between the USS Chafee and three ROCN ships.

The disclosure of these exercises follows Taiwanese Chief of General Staff Admiral Mei Chia-shu’s visit to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) change of command ceremony in Hawaii in early May. Shortly after, China conducted significant military exercises around Taiwan, labeled “Joint Sword-2024A,” which involved near-encirclement maneuvers similar to those after Nancy Pelosi's visit in 2022.

In late May, the U.S. began Tiger Strike 2024 with Malaysia, focusing on amphibious warfare and multi-domain awareness. Early June saw the announcement of the “Freedom Edge” exercise, a first-time trilateral drill involving the U.S., Japan, and South Korea.

These high-profile activities in the West Pacific lead up to the Rim of the Pacific 2024 (RIMPAC 24) exercises, scheduled from June 28 to August 2, involving 29 nations, 40 surface ships, 3 submarines, 14 national land forces, over 150 aircraft, and more than 25,000 personnel. The Italian carrier Cavour and a French Navy FREMM air defense frigate will also participate.

China's Expanding 'Carrier Killer' Missiles: A Strategic Threat to US Naval Dominance

 In the midst of global tensions, China's military posturing towards Taiwan intensifies, paralleled by Russia's war against Ukraine. Recently, China's "Joint Sword – 2024A" exercises followed closely after Lai Ching-te's inauguration as Taiwan's President, whom Beijing labels a "separatist."

During these drills, warships patrolled near Taiwan's coast, signaling potential invasion threats that could disrupt the technology supply chain, trigger economic crises, and escalate to a US-China conflict. Beijing justified the drills as a response to Lai's assertion that Taiwan and China are "not subordinate to each other." Taiwan's defense forces tracked 49 Chinese aircraft, 19 naval ships, and 7 coast guard vessels near its waters, indicating the growing threat. Most of these ships were frigates and corvettes with lighter weapon loads.

As tensions rise, the US is preparing for potential conflict. A delegation of US lawmakers has shown support for Taiwan in response to China's extensive military drills. In April 2024, Rear Adm. Mike Studeman, a former US Navy intelligence leader, warned that China's military is preparing for an invasion or blockade of Taiwan within the next decade.

China insists that nations cannot maintain official relations with both China and Taiwan, leading Taiwan to have formal diplomatic ties with only a few countries. The US, while being Taiwan's most crucial ally, does not officially recognize Taiwan, adhering to the one-China principle.

Comparison of Naval Capabilities

As of 2024, China has the world's second-largest navy by total displacement, following the US Navy, and the largest number of active service ships. A report from the US Congressional Research Service highlights that China's navy is the largest in East Asia and surpassed the US Navy in battle force ships between 2015 and 2020. Currently, China has over 370 battle force platforms, including major surface combatants, submarines, amphibious ships, mine warfare ships, aircraft carriers, and fleet auxiliaries. By 2025, this force is projected to grow to 395 ships, reaching 435 by 2030.

China operates two aircraft carriers, the Liaoning and Shandong, with the third and most advanced, the Fujian, starting sea trials in May 2024. In contrast, the US Navy had 292 battle force ships as of January 29, 2024, with a projected fleet of 290 ships by FY2030.

In a potential naval conflict, China would need to reposition military assets to its eastern coast and prepare for an invasion, while using its anti-ship firepower to keep US warships at bay. China's arsenal of anti-ship missiles (ASMs) is central to its strategy to deny US forces access to the Western Pacific.

China’s Anti-Ship Missiles (ASM)

China has significantly expanded its anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), sometimes called "carrier killers." Key missiles in China’s arsenal include the YJ-12, YJ-18, YJ-83, DF-21, and DF-26.

YJ-83: A modern addition to China's anti-ship arsenal, deployed on surface ships and multirole aircraft. It’s a smaller, shorter-range missile typically housed in box launchers on Chinese frigates and corvettes.

YJ-18: A cruise missile for anti-ship and land-attack roles, derived from the Russian 3M-54E "Klub" missile, and the only widely deployed ASM that can be launched from vertical launch cells. It’s installed on large surface combatants and submarines.

YJ-12: Compatible with various platforms, including bombers and coastal launchers, the YJ-12 can engage warships from long distances.

DF-26: An Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) that provides high speed and long range, earning the "carrier killer" nickname. It can target beyond aircraft carriers.

DF-21D: A medium-range ballistic missile operational since 2012, designed specifically to target ships at sea, reaching speeds up to Mach 10 during the terminal phase.

China's anti-ship missile capabilities aim to deny US warships access to the region, leveraging Taiwan's proximity to offset American naval dominance.

Taiwan's Strategic Position

As tensions over Taiwan escalate, its strategic position within the "first island chain" becomes crucial. Controlling this link would bolster China's influence in the Western Pacific, challenge US dominance, and give Beijing control over Taiwan's semiconductor manufacturing industry. Given Taiwan's role in maritime trade routes and its semiconductor industry, neither the US nor its allies can afford to let Taiwan fall into Beijing's orbit.