India Tightens Control as Weapons End Up in Ukrainian Hands

 India's defense industry is rapidly expanding, with the goal of becoming a leading aerospace and military hardware manufacturer by 2025. However, as production ramps up, the government is tightening regulations to prevent military equipment from falling into the wrong hands.

A report from the Economic Times on May 28 highlights that the Ministry of Defence is increasing oversight on military equipment manufactured in India. The ministry has instructed private manufacturers to strictly adhere to end-user certification (EUC) rules after reports emerged of Indian-made munitions ending up with unintended recipients.

When the government refers to 'wrong hands,' it means that weapons have reached unauthorized countries or organizations, including conflict zones without proper permissions. Colonel Abhay Balkrishna Patwardhan (Retd) emphasized that the goal is to prevent Indian weapons from reaching terrorist organizations or other unauthorized entities.

Earlier this year, reports suggested that Indian-made 155 mm artillery shells were being used by Ukraine. The Indian government denied these claims, asserting that no artillery ammunition had been exported to Ukraine. Despite this, images on social media in May showed Indian-made 125 mm shells being used in Ukraine, raising further concerns.

Previously, arms manufacturing in India was controlled by government-owned Ordnance Factories. The introduction of private sector involvement in arms exports has increased the risk of these weapons falling into unauthorized hands if not properly monitored. Additionally, outdated weapons and ammunition in India are disposed of as scrap, which can potentially end up in the gray market and be reverse-engineered.

The Ministry of Defence aims for a turnover of $22 billion in aerospace and defense manufacturing by 2025, with $4.3 billion in exports. In the last fiscal year, exports reached $2.5 billion, primarily driven by the private sector. However, Indian companies are restricted from exporting weapons to Ukraine, Turkey, China, and Pakistan.

To prevent unauthorized use, the government has strengthened end-user certification rules for exports. An EUC ensures that the purchaser is the final recipient and does not intend to transfer the materials to another party. The Ministry of Defence is also tightening oversight of imports through an internal portal to monitor the import and consumption of critical materials like explosives and primers.

The Saksham Bharat initiative encourages domestic production of parts and weapons previously imported. While exports are strictly controlled, imports have been less regulated. The new portal will track the usage of imported materials to ensure they are used for approved purposes, preventing unauthorized sales or stockpiling.

As India expands its military-industrial capabilities, it must balance legitimate exports and domestic production while preventing its products from reaching destabilizing entities. Through stringent regulations and digital surveillance, India aims to ensure its weapons remain in responsible hands, avoiding potential diplomatic crises.

Germany's Advanced IRIS-T Missile Goes Missing; Possible U.S. Link Suspected

The Bundeswehr, Germany's armed forces, recently reported the loss of an advanced IRIS-T missile, raising significant security concerns. The missile was discovered missing during routine inventory checks at a barracks in North Rhine-Westphalia amidst ongoing construction work.

It is suspected that the missile may have inadvertently been shipped to the USA, where the Air Force conducts regular exercises. Although the missing missile is believed to be unarmed and without fuel, the advanced encryption technology in its navigation system could pose a security risk if compromised.

Valued at approximately €250,000 ($271,000) each, IRIS-T missiles are critical assets. Despite the German Defense Ministry's claim that no missile is missing, the situation highlights existing security vulnerabilities within the Bundeswehr.

Previous incidents further underscore these concerns. In 2017, weapons were stolen from a military facility, prompting then Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen to call for better incident reporting systems. A 2018 report revealed significant thefts of weapons and ammunition from the Bundeswehr, and a 2020 document disclosed that tens of thousands of rounds had disappeared from military arsenals since 2010.

The loss of the missile is particularly concerning given the IRIS-T's use in Ukraine, where it has proven effective against Russian threats. Germany has supplied Ukraine with four IRIS-T SLM/SLS air defense systems, which have been successful in neutralizing over 110 targets, including Russian cruise missiles.

Diehl Defense, the manufacturer, announced plans to increase production to meet growing demand, aiming to produce 450-500 missiles annually by 2024. The IRIS-T's effectiveness has been praised by Ukrainian operators, who have used it to defend Kyiv against multiple cruise missile attacks.

This incident highlights the need for improved oversight and inventory management within the Bundeswehr to prevent future security lapses and ensure the integrity of critical defense technologies. 

Dutch F-35s Assume NATO Nuclear Role; Russian Expert Calls for Nuclear Test

 

Starting June 1, 2024, the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) will transition from F-16 Fighting Falcons to advanced F-35 aircraft for NATO’s nuclear deterrence mission, as announced by the Dutch government. This move positions the Netherlands as the first European nation to use the F-35 for this role, marking a significant upgrade in NATO’s nuclear deterrence capabilities.

On May 30, Dutch Defense Minister Kajsa Ollongren informed the House of Representatives about the transition, which underscores the Netherlands' commitment to NATO's security framework. The F-35 has undergone rigorous testing and certification, achieving initial certification for the deterrence mission in November 2023 and full certification to carry the B61-12 thermonuclear bomb in March 2024.

The transition has already seen Dutch F-35s replace F-16s in the NATO Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) detachment as of March 29, 2024. Volkel Air Base will host the new Dual-Capable Aircraft F-35 squadron, which will eventually deploy the new B61-12 bombs, reaffirming the Netherlands' dedication to NATO’s nuclear deterrence strategy.

In light of this development, Russian expert Dmitry Suslov has called for a "demonstrative" nuclear explosion to deter Western support for Ukraine. Suslov, part of the Moscow-based Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, suggests that a non-combat nuclear test could serve as a stark reminder of Russia’s nuclear capabilities and deter further Western intervention.

Suslov’s proposal, published in Profil magazine, argues that such a test would have a profound psychological impact on Western leaders, reinforcing the deterrent power of nuclear weapons. He also recommended strategic nuclear exercises and warnings to countries supplying Ukraine, suggesting potential global targeting of their assets if they retaliate.

This suggestion follows President Vladimir Putin's warning to the West against allowing Ukraine to strike deep inside Russia, which he claimed could lead to global conflict. While Suslov does not hold an official government position, his think tank’s influence on Russian policy lends weight to his proposal. The Kremlin has reiterated that Russia’s nuclear policy remains unchanged but has recently conducted tactical nuclear weapons drills in response to what it views as escalating Western rhetoric.

This development underscores the ongoing tension and strategic maneuvering between NATO and Russia amidst the broader context of the Ukraine conflict.

US Navy Enhances Sea-Based Nuclear Deterrence Amid China Tensions

 

The United States is boosting its nuclear deterrence by developing sea-based nuclear cruise missiles to counter threats from China and Russia. This initiative comes as tensions with these adversaries escalate.

Currently, the U.S. nuclear triad includes land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), air-launched cruise missiles, and sea-based weapons. However, the Pentagon is now focusing on enhancing its sea-based nuclear capabilities to ensure a reliable second-strike option, crucial if land-based and air-launched systems are compromised in a first strike.

Navy Vice Adm. Johnny R. Wolfe Jr., Director for Strategic Systems, testified before the Senate Armed Services strategic forces subcommittee, emphasizing the deterrent role of ballistic missile submarines, which remain on alert and undetectable. This capability ensures the U.S. can retaliate effectively if attacked.

Alongside Air Force Gen. Thomas A. Bussiere, Commander of Air Force Global Strike Command, Vice Adm. Wolfe detailed the modernization efforts of the Navy's nuclear triad, highlighting the new sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM-N). This missile is designed to be launched from attack submarines and surface vessels, rather than just ballistic missile submarines.

Wolfe pointed out the challenges of reviving the industrial base needed for SLCM-N production and the significant investments required for concurrent nuclear modernization programs. The SLCM-N aims to counter the expanding nuclear arsenals of Russia and China, with Russia possessing nearly a thousand tactical nuclear weapons and China having around 500 nuclear warheads.

A previous Pentagon report noted that China's Jin-class ballistic missile submarines, equipped with JL-3 missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, are conducting near-continuous patrols in the South China Sea, posing a significant threat to U.S. security.

The introduction of the SLCM-N marks the first new U.S. nuclear weapon since the end of the Cold War, signaling to adversaries that the U.S. remains capable of responding to any nuclear threat. This development is essential for maintaining strategic stability and deterring potential nuclear attacks.

Vice Adm. Wolfe stressed the need for investments in infrastructure, human capital, and the industrial base to achieve nuclear modernization. He highlighted the necessity of balancing the SLCM-N program with ongoing Navy initiatives and the importance of continued support from Congress to deliver a reliable sea-based strategic deterrent capability.

As the U.S. transitions from Ohio-class to Columbia-class submarines, maintaining the current missile inventory and ensuring a seamless transition between the classes are critical priorities.

Sen. Deb Fischer emphasized the need for diverse deterrence options, and Wolfe concurred, noting that nuclear modernization requires careful planning and time to balance various operational needs and strategic goals.

Ukraine Gets Green Light to Use F-16s for Strikes on Russian Territory

 Danish Foreign Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen announced that Ukraine is authorized to use Danish-supplied F-16 fighter jets to strike military targets within Russian territory, provided these actions comply with the rules of war. Speaking on May 30 in Brussels, Rasmussen stressed that as long as the strikes focus on military installations, they remain within international law.

In July 2023, Denmark and the Netherlands formed a "fighter coalition" to support Ukraine, pledging to supply F-16s and offer essential training for Ukrainian pilots and technicians. This decision is part of a broader Western debate about removing restrictions on the use of Western weapons on Russian soil. Despite concerns from Washington and Berlin, Rasmussen emphasized that this initiative is not a "blank check" for indiscriminate attacks but aims to reduce Russia's offensive capabilities.

Russian Ambassador to Denmark, Vladimir Barbin, warned that using Danish weapons on Russian territory could escalate the conflict uncontrollably. Nonetheless, Denmark and several other nations advocate for lifting these restrictions, asserting that Ukraine must defend itself against assaults.

Currently, eleven Western countries, including France, the UK, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Canada, have agreed to permit Ukraine to target military installations within Russian territory using their arms. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz also endorsed this approach after discussions with French President Emmanuel Macron, allowing Ukraine to use Western weapons "within international law" against Russian military bases.

The Danish F-16s, acquired in the 1980s, are advanced multirole fighter jets known for their versatility and sophisticated avionics. They can carry various weapons, including air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles. The F-16s, powered by either Pratt & Whitney F100 or General Electric F110 turbofan engines, achieve speeds over Mach 2 and have a combat radius of about 340 miles with internal fuel, extendable with external tanks and aerial refueling.

Earlier this week, Belgium announced it would supply Ukraine with 30 F-16 fighter jets, with the first deliveries expected this year. This brings the total number of F-16s committed to Ukraine to 85, including contributions from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway. Ukrainian pilots are currently training in the USA, Denmark, and Romania to operate these jets.

Pentagon Secures $4 Billion to Aid Taiwan Amid Tensions with China

 Last fall, the Pentagon urged the House Armed Services Committee for assistance in supporting Taiwan, emphasizing the need for funding to replace its own stocks of military supplies. Previously, Congress authorized the Defense Department to send up to $1 billion annually from its own inventory to Taiwan, but without the necessary funding to replenish these supplies.

During the 2023 hearing, Ely Ratner, head of Pentagon policy for the Indo-Pacific region, highlighted the lack of financial resources. However, in April, Congress passed a $95 billion defense bill, allocating about $4 billion for potential Taiwan aid, with nearly half earmarked for replenishing donated stocks.

This week, U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin attended the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore, discussing regional security and meeting with his Chinese counterpart amid heightened military exercises around Taiwan by China. Meanwhile, the Pentagon's system for sending aid to Taiwan is processing another cycle, with a senior integration group formed by Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks to accelerate the process.

Despite the new funding, there are challenges in delivering aid. The Pentagon's bureaucracy and concerns over U.S. military readiness have previously slowed the process. The Navy and Air Force, in particular, worried about depleting their own resources.

U.S. officials emphasize the urgency of arming Taiwan to deter potential aggression from China. The aid package, valued at $345 million, was signed by the president in spring but not announced until summer. The Pentagon now focuses on replacing stocks sent last year and prioritizes smaller-scale assistance like munitions, drones, and training.

The $4 billion aid package includes $2 billion for foreign military financing, helping Taiwan buy military equipment. However, logistical and strategic challenges remain. Taiwan's military capacity to absorb aid is limited, and Washington urges Taiwan to adopt an asymmetric defense strategy focused on denying China’s ability to invade.

Political tensions complicate the situation further. U.S.-China relations, strained after Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan in 2022, remain fragile despite a recent summit between President Biden and Chinese leader Xi Jinping.

As the U.S. balances hardening Taiwan's defenses and managing relations with China, the urgency to support Taiwan's defense grows, reflecting the region's escalating tensions.

JF-17 Outshines LCA Tejas in Export Market: India and Pakistan Unveil Advanced Fighter Jets

 The skies over the Indian subcontinent are heating up as India and Pakistan introduce their latest supersonic fighter jets, the Tejas Mk 1A and the JF-17 Block III, both competing for regional air supremacy and a share in the global market for cost-effective combat jets.

India and Pakistan's New Fighter Jets

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to receive the upgraded Tejas Mk 1A by July, while the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) recently incorporated the JF-17 Block III in December 2023. These aircraft represent advanced iterations of their predecessors and are designed for a variety of military missions.

Production and Evolution

The Tejas, developed by India’s Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), and the JF-17, a product of the Sino-Pakistani partnership between the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) and China’s Chengdu Aircraft Industry Complex (CAC), are both classified as 4.5-generation aircraft, with the JF-17 Block III described as “fourth-generation plus.”

Budget-Friendly Powerhouses

Both the Tejas Mk 1A and the JF-17 Block III are single-engine, lightweight, multirole fighters designed to replace aging fleets—India’s MiG-21 and Pakistan’s assortment of Chinese and French jets. The Tejas Mk 1A completed its first test flight on March 28, 2024, while the JF-17 Block III had its inaugural flight on December 15, 2019.

Specifications and Features

The Tejas Mk 1A boasts advanced technology, including new electronics, processors, and fly-by-wire hardware, with approximately nine hard points for various weaponry. The JF-17 Block III features superior maneuverability, extended range, advanced electronics, and the NRIET/CETC KLJ-7A AESA radar.

Cost and Export Potential

The Tejas Mk 1A development has a reported budget of $5.9 billion, while the JF-17 Block III costs around $55 million per unit, as indicated by Iraq’s interest in purchasing 12 units for $664 million. The JF-17 has been exported to countries like Nigeria and Myanmar, with potential deals with Azerbaijan and Iraq. Meanwhile, despite negotiations with Malaysia and Argentina, the Tejas has yet to secure export orders.

Future Developments

The PAF plans to develop the JF-17 PFX, continuing the evolution of the JF-17 series. India aims to expedite the delivery of the Tejas Mk 1A to pave the way for the LCA Mk 2, featuring more capable engines and extended flight duration. The first squadron of Tejas Mk 1A is planned for deployment at the Nal air base in Rajasthan’s Bikaner district.

As these advanced fighter jets take to the skies, the rivalry between India and Pakistan intensifies, setting the stage for an electrifying aerial showdown.