China's Innovative 'Shark Skin' Jet Engine Could Surpass US Technology

 

China has announced a revolutionary development in aviation technology: a "shark skin"-inspired structure embedded within a turbofan engine. According to Chinese claims, this innovation could significantly reduce drag and enhance engine efficiency, potentially propelling China ahead in next-generation engine technology.

Chinese researchers have meticulously crafted this new "shark skin" structure from a high-strength titanium alloy using precision 3D printing. The South China Morning Post (SCMP) reports that this advanced technology could reduce drag by up to 10%, marking a substantial improvement in engine performance.

The innovation centers on an engine component known as the intermediate casing. This crucial part, over a meter in diameter, features bionic grooves 15 to 35 micrometers deep—finer than a human hair. Previously, manufacturing such a large, precise component with a 3D printer was not possible. However, Chinese researchers have overcome this challenge with advanced 3D printing techniques and commercial software.

The intermediate casing, a vital structural element in aviation engines, connects various engine components and transmits thrust to the aircraft fuselage. Despite its slender profile—only 3mm at its thinnest point—the casing is remarkably strong, able to withstand loads over 10 tonnes. Laboratory tests have confirmed that the prototype meets stringent mechanical requirements and achieves a 25% weight reduction compared to traditional castings without compromising structural integrity.

This breakthrough holds immense promise for the aviation industry, heralding a new era of lighter, more efficient engine designs. Researchers also envision future developments where hollow fan blades, free from conventional structural constraints, incorporate advanced internal skeletons and lattice structures, substantially enhancing impact resistance.

Chinese experts believe this innovative leap could position Beijing to catch up with—and potentially surpass—the United States and its allies in modern engine development, a field in which China has historically lagged. For years, Chinese military aircraft relied on jet engines imported from Russia, which often suffered from reliability issues and subpar performance. This dependency prompted China to ramp up its investment in indigenous engine development.

The 2016 inclusion of jet engine performance improvement in China’s 13th Five-Year Plan marked a strategic shift towards advancing the aerospace industry. Since then, China’s efforts have borne fruit, with the country now equipping its premier J-20 stealth fighter jets with domestically produced Xi’an-built Woshan-15 (WS-15) “Emei” engines.

This progress has not gone unnoticed internationally. John R. Sneden, propulsion director for the US Air Force’s Life Cycle Management Center, acknowledged China’s significant investments in propulsion technologies and warned that the US was losing its propulsion lead to China. Although Beijing’s technological prowess in engine development may not yet rival the United States, Chinese media claim that this latest shark skin tech could propel China to a competitive position. The next generation of engines requires reduced fuel consumption for increased thrust, which presents numerous challenges.

China’s advancements come at a time when the US is reevaluating its approach to next-generation fighter engines. The US Air Force recently announced plans to abandon the Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP) in favor of upgrading existing engines, highlighting the challenges faced in developing new propulsion systems.

Brazil-based defense expert Patricia Marins noted that while military jets primarily use turbojet engines, not turbofans, this innovation has transformative potential, particularly for cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones).

China’s shark skin technology represents a significant advancement. Similar innovations are being explored globally, such as Lufthansa Group's AeroSHARK, a film-like coating with ribbed textures designed to reduce friction and improve fuel efficiency.

China’s latest breakthrough could significantly impact aviation's future, offering a pathway to more efficient and environmentally friendly engine designs. With continued investment and innovation, Beijing is well-positioned to challenge traditional aerospace leaders like the USA.

China Rapidly Constructs 10 Type 055 Destroyers in 48 Months, Equipping Each with 112 Missiles

 

In just four years, China's defense industry has impressively built and launched ten advanced Type 055 destroyers, each equipped with 112 vertical launch cells for anti-ship or anti-aircraft missiles. The first of these destroyers was launched in January 2020, with the eighth following by April 2023, averaging 2-3 destroyers per year.

This rapid production pace has not hindered the construction of other naval vessels, such as the Type 054 frigates, which are being built concurrently in shipyards in Shanghai and Guangzhou.

PLAAN's Versatile Asset

The Type 055, a class of guided missile destroyers developed for the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), is among the largest and most advanced surface combatants globally. Designed for air defense, anti-submarine warfare, and surface warfare, it is a versatile addition to the PLAN's fleet.

Technical Specifications

The Type 055 measures approximately 180 meters (590 feet) in length, 20 meters (66 feet) in beam, and has a draft of around 6.6 meters (22 feet), making it significantly larger than many contemporary destroyers. Its combined gas and gas (COGAG) propulsion system includes four QC-280 gas turbines, each generating 28 megawatts, enabling speeds up to 30 knots.

Advanced Features

The destroyer features a stealthy design with a smooth superstructure to minimize radar cross-section, an integrated mast housing various sensors and communication systems, and a hull optimized for hydrodynamic performance. It is equipped with advanced electronic systems, including the Type 346B AESA radar for air and surface search, the Type 518 L-band radar for long-range surveillance, and the H/LJG-346A sonar for anti-submarine warfare.

Extensive Armament

The Type 055's extensive armament includes a 130mm H/PJ-38 main gun, 112 vertical launch system (VLS) cells for firing HHQ-9 surface-to-air missiles, YJ-18 anti-ship missiles, and CJ-10 land-attack cruise missiles. It also features torpedo launchers, close-in weapon systems (CIWS) for point defense, and anti-submarine rockets, making it a well-rounded combat platform.

China Developing Land-Based Variant of FC-31/J-35 Stealth Fighter for Potential Exports

 

China is reportedly progressing on a land-based version of its FC-31/J-35 stealth fighter, originally designed for naval operations. Recent images reveal significant design differences from the carrier-based J-35, suggesting an expansion of the program to include ground-based applications.

Shared by Chinese aviation researcher @Rupprecht_A on May 29, the photos have drawn considerable attention. The new variant signifies a return to the program’s initial land-based focus before it shifted towards carrier operations.

The manufacturer, Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, appears to be working on both land-based and carrier-based versions. The J-31 prototype, distinct from the J-35, has a smaller wing surface area, different landing gear configuration, and lacks a catapult launch bar.

Speculation surrounds the motivation for this development, with analysts suggesting reasons ranging from domestic military needs to foreign export opportunities. In January 2024, Pakistan expressed interest in acquiring FC-31 jets, potentially driving further refinement of the design.

Despite the renewed focus on the land-based variant, the FC-31/J-35 continues to be significant for China’s aircraft carrier program. The J-35, with its enhanced features for naval operations, is expected to be deployed on future CATOBAR carriers, while also potentially serving on existing carriers.

This development could attract interest from countries outside the US sphere of influence, thanks to the aircraft’s cost-effectiveness, stealth capabilities, and ability to boost military power.

Russia Tests New Ground Robots and Drones to Overcome 'Dragon's Teeth' Obstacles

 Russia's High-Precision Complexes holding has introduced the Depesha and Buggy, versatile robotic systems designed to eliminate enemy personnel, equipment, and fortifications known as “dragon’s teeth.” These innovations aim to facilitate the passage of armored vehicles, according to a recent press release by Rostec, the Russian state arms holding company.

The Depesha robot, built on a tracked platform, can carry up to 150 kg and is controlled via a joystick and FPV helmet. The Buggy, operating on a wheeled platform, handles up to 250 kg and is maneuvered using a joystick and tablet. Both robots are designed for rapid delivery of supplies, ammunition, and fuel to the frontline, evacuation of wounded soldiers, and terrain mining operations. Currently, these ground robots are undergoing rigorous testing, including trials in the Special Military Operations (SVO) zone, as reported by Rostec.

In addition to these ground robots, the Kalashnikov Concern has introduced advanced UAVs to the Russian Ministry of Defense, including the Karakurt and SKAT 350M drones, and the Kvazimachta lifting system. The Karakurt is a reconnaissance microcopter providing real-time aerial imaging, while the SKAT 350M conducts round-the-clock air reconnaissance in both optical and infrared ranges. The Kvazimachta system supports high-speed communication with ground data stations and can operate in radio silence mode for at least 24 hours.

These technological advancements align with Russia's broader strategy for the development of unmanned aviation, aiming for completion by 2030. This plan, initiated in June 2023, seeks to increase the demand for Russian unmanned aircraft systems. President Vladimir Putin emphasized the need to enhance drone capabilities during a Defense Ministry meeting in December.

Earlier reports revealed that Russia’s Ministry of Defense has trained 3,500 FPV drone operators, with plans to train an additional 1,700 operators for various other UAVs. Supported by over 800 educational institutions, more than 1,500 new training positions have been established to expand this initiative, underscoring Russia’s commitment to bolstering its military capabilities through advanced drone and robotic technology.

Turkey Advances Design of KAAN Fighter Jet's New AESA Nose Radar

 

Turkey has entered the critical design phase for the Aselsan Murad-600A AESA radar for its KAAN fighter jet, according to SavunmaSanayiST.com. This advanced radar system, developed by Aselsan, has successfully completed its preliminary design period.

The Murad-600A AESA radar, a flagship product of Aselsan, represents a significant advancement in radar technology. Unlike traditional radars that use a single antenna for transmitting and receiving signals, AESA radars utilize an array of small, solid-state transmit/receive modules. This allows the radar to steer its beam electronically, offering faster target acquisition, improved resolution, and enhanced resistance to electronic countermeasures.

The Murad-600A is capable of performing multiple functions simultaneously, including air surveillance, target tracking, and electronic warfare. Its design emphasizes scalability and modularity, making it suitable for integration into various platforms, such as fighter jets, UAVs, naval vessels, and ground-based air defense systems.

With high-frequency operation, the Murad-600A ensures superior detection range and accuracy. Its advanced signal processing algorithms enhance its ability to track low-observable (stealth) targets, a crucial feature in modern warfare.

The development of the Aselsan Murad-600A AESA radar reflects a broader trend towards more sophisticated and versatile military radar systems, addressing the need for quick and accurate detection, tracking, and response to diverse and complex threats.

US Air Force Eyes Anti-Drone Barriers to Protect F-15 Strike Eagles

 In response to the growing threat posed by small drones, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in North Carolina is considering installing anti-drone barriers to safeguard its F-15E Strike Eagles. The US Air Force’s 4th Contracting Squadron has issued a Request for Information (RFI) to explore options for a "Counter Small Unmanned Aerial System Barrier," although the government has not yet committed to the project.

The move highlights the increasing danger that small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) pose to military personnel and installations both abroad and in the US. Despite the F-15E's proven combat prowess, these aircraft remain vulnerable to drone attacks while stationed at their home bases.

The RFI follows a recent incident in Germany where a Eurofighter Typhoon collided with a drone, causing damage to the aircraft. Similar incidents have been reported in the US, though no specific drone incidents at Seymour Johnson have been disclosed.

Former CENTCOM Commander Kenneth McKenzie has underscored the threat posed by small, inexpensive drones, which can be easily acquired and used for disruptive purposes. The US military has been working with Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) companies to develop technologies to detect and neutralize unauthorized drones.

The proposed anti-drone barriers would need to be robust enough to stop drones weighing up to 55 pounds and traveling at speeds of up to 125 mph. The barriers must also be lightweight, flame retardant, and able to be quickly opened and closed. The initiative reflects ongoing efforts to enhance defense measures at US air bases in light of recent global conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, where drones have been used to carry out significant attacks on airfields.

Sweden Bolsters Baltic Defense: Procures Anti-Aircraft Guns for Assault Boats

Sweden is enhancing its maritime defense capabilities by seeking anti-aircraft guns for its Combat Boat 90 fleet, aiming to counter potential threats from drones and helicopters, particularly in the Baltic Sea region amid tensions with Russia.

The Swedish Ministry of Defense's procurement arm, FMV, has initiated a tender to acquire eight anti-aircraft guns, signaling a strategic move in response to growing concerns about security in the Baltic Sea. This procurement, valued at over $176 million, underscores Sweden's commitment to fortifying its amphibious units against aerial threats.

These anti-aircraft guns, to be integrated onto the Combat Boat 90 vessels, will provide enhanced protection across various naval theaters, including critical areas of interest. With a designated ammunition supply for 12 years, they offer a cost-effective defense solution against airborne threats, akin to Ukraine's defense strategy against Russian aggression.

As tensions escalate in the Baltic Sea, driven by Russia's ambitions in the region, Swedish Armed Forces Commander Micael Bydén has emphasized the strategic significance of key locations like Gotland. Positioned strategically in the Baltic, Gotland holds immense importance, prompting Sweden, now a NATO member, to maintain a military presence on the island.

Russia's recent moves to revise maritime borders, particularly around Kaliningrad and the Gulf of Finland, raise concerns of potential territorial disputes with neighboring NATO nations, further highlighting the need for enhanced maritime defense measures in the region.